Git 快速参考 (git fast tutorial)

http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial.html

转自

http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/zjujoe/archive/2009/05/28/4221864.aspx

 

1. 创建一个新的版本库

从一个压缩包中创建：

$ tar xzf project.tar.gz

$ cd project

$ git init #Initialized empty Git repository in .git/

$ git add .

$ git commit

从远程版本库创建：

$ git clone git://example.com/pub/project.git

$ cd project

2. 管理分支

$ git branch         # list all local branches in this repo

$ git checkout test  # switch working directory to branch "test"

$ git branch new     # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD

$ git branch -d new  # delete branch "new"

创建一个不以当前的 HEAD 为起点的分支，用：

$ git branch new test    # branch named "test"

$ git branch new v2.6.15 # tag named v2.6.15

$ git branch new HEAD^   # commit before the most recent

$ git branch new HEAD^^  # commit before that

$ git branch new test~10 # ten commits before tip of branch "test"

创建并同时切换至新的分支：

$ git checkout -b new v2.6.15

更新和检验从远程版本库中克隆过来的分支：

$ git fetch             # update

$ git branch -r         # list

  origin/master

  origin/next

  ...

$ git checkout -b masterwork origin/master

从不同的版本库中抓取分支，并给予一个在你的版本库中新的分支名称：

$ git fetch git://example.com/project.git theirbranch:mybranch

$ git fetch git://example.com/project.git v2.6.15:mybranch

给你要定期地协同工作的版本库制作一个列表：

$ git remote add example git://example.com/project.git

$ git remote                    # list remote repositories

example

origin

$ git remote show example       # get details

* remote example

  URL: git://example.com/project.git

  Tracked remote branches

    master

    next

    ...

$ git fetch example             # update branches from example

$ git branch -r                 # list all remote branches

3. 勘查历史

$ gitk                      # visualize and browse history

$ git log                   # list all commits

$ git log src/              # ...modifying src/

$ git log v2.6.15..v2.6.16  # ...in v2.6.16, not in v2.6.15

$ git log master..test      # ...in branch test, not in branch master

$ git log test..master      # ...in branch master, but not in test

$ git log test...master     # ...in one branch, not in both

$ git log -S'foo()'         # ...where difference contain "foo()"

$ git log --since="2 weeks ago"

$ git log -p                # show patches as well

$ git show                  # most recent commit

$ git diff v2.6.15..v2.6.16 # diff between two tagged versions

$ git diff v2.6.15..HEAD    # diff with current head

$ git grep "foo()"          # search working directory for "foo()"

$ git grep v2.6.15 "foo()"  # search old tree for "foo()"

$ git show v2.6.15:a.txt    # look at old version of a.txt

查找撤退点：

$ git bisect start

$ git bisect bad                # current version is bad

$ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2   # last known good revision

Bisecting: 675 revisions left to test after this

                                # test here, then:

$ git bisect good               # if this revision is good, or

$ git bisect bad                # if this revision is bad.

                                # repeat until done.

4. 制作变更

配置 git

vi ~/.gitconfig

[user]
    name = Phoenix
    email = phoenixtoday@gmail.com
[alias]
  co = checkout
  ci = commit -a
  st = status
  br = branch
  oneline = log --pretty=oneline --since='2 days ago'
  onelog = log -p -1
[color]
  status = auto
  branch = auto
  ui = auto

选择这下次提交的时候要包含那些文件，接着制作交付：

$ git add a.txt    # updated file

$ git add b.txt    # new file

$ git rm c.txt     # old file

$ git commit

或者是准备提交和创建交付一步完成：

$ git commit d.txt # use latest content only of d.txt

$ git commit -a    # use latest content of all tracked files

5. 合并

$ git merge test   # merge branch "test" into the current branch

$ git pull git://example.com/project.git master

                   # fetch and merge in remote branch

$ git pull . test  # equivalent to git merge test

6. 共享你的变更

引入或者导出补丁：

$ git format-patch origin..HEAD # format a patch for each commit

                                # in HEAD but not in origin

$ git am mbox # import patches from the mailbox "mbox"

抓取一个不同的 git 版本库的分支，并合并进当前分支：

$ git pull git://example.com/project.git theirbranch

在合并至当前分支之前，将远程分支的变更保存为本地的分支：

$ git pull git://example.com/project.git theirbranch:mybranch

创建了本地分支的交付之后，用这些交付更新远程分支。

$ git push ssh://example.com/project.git mybranch:theirbranch

当本地和远程分支都是叫 "test" 时：

$ git push ssh://example.com/project.git test

对于经常通讯的远程版本库，有快捷命令的版本：

$ git remote add example ssh://example.com/project.git

$ git push example test

7. 版本库的维护

检查损坏：

$ git fsck

重新打包，删除无用的杂物：

$ git gc

 

8. 其它

忽略某些文件及目录

$ vi .gitignore

可以使用通配符，目录最后不要加斜杠。

 

丢弃当前所有未提交内容

$ git reset --hard HEAD

 

有未提交内容时快速切换到另一分支

git stash save "work in progress for foo feature"

切换到另一分支，并修改、提交…

切换回原来分支

git stash apply