Django的前后端联调

项目流程总结

1.创建项目和子应用

创建项目命令： django-admin startproject 项目名

创建子应用：python manage.py startapp 应用名

2.配置项目

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
  
    'animal',#子应用名
    'rest_framework',
    'corsheaders',#跨域
]


MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',#跨域处理
]

CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True#允许所有原访问

DATABASES = {
   
   #数据库
    'default': {
   
   
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'HOST': 'localhost',
        'PORT': 3306,
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': 'root',
        'NAME': 'animal',
    }
}
#时区与语言
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

3.安装数据库

#与项目同名的文件夹下 init.py 内填写

import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

4.编写模型类

#子应用下models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.
# 种类Kind模型类，由动物种类kind_name组成
class Kind(models.Model):
    kind_name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='种类名')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = '种类表'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
        db_table = 'kind'#数据库中这个表的表名

    def __str__(self):
        return self.kind_name

# 动物Animal模型类，动物名ani_name、体重weight、高度height、所属种类kind(外键)组成
class Animal(models.Model):
    ani_name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='动物名')
    weight = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='体重')
    height = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='高度')
    kind = models.ForeignKey(to=Kind, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='种类')

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = '动物表'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
        db_table = 'animal'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.ani_name

5.迁移、创建超级用户、注册表、添加测试数据

迁移：python manage.py makemigrations

执行迁移：python manage.py migrate

创建超级用户：python manage.py createsuperuser

#先注册表在创建超级用户才可以添加数据
注册表：

from django.contrib import admin
from animal.models import Animal, Kind

# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Animal)
admin.site.register(Kind)

6.路由分发：

在子应用下创建子路由

主路由：
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include#导入include方法
from animal import urls #导入子路由

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include(urls)), #连接子路由
]

子路由：
from django.urls import path
from animal import views #导入子应用中的视图
from rest_framework import routers
urlpatterns = [

]

router = routers.SimpleRouter()
router.register('kind', views.KindView, 'kind')
router.register('ani', views.AnimalView, 'ani')
urlpatterns += router.urls

7.创建序列化器

#需要在子应用中创建序列化器文件
#推荐使用 serializers.py（也可以自定义）

from rest_framework import serializers
from animal.models import Kind, Animal

class KindSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Kind
        fields = '__all__'

class AnimalSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    kind_name = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True)
    def get_kind_name(self, obj):
        return obj.kind.kind_name

    class Meta:
        model = Animal
        fields = '__all__'

8.编写视图：

from django.shortcuts import render
from animal.models import Kind, Animal
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from animal.serializers import KindSerializer, AnimalSerializer
from rest_framework.filters import SearchFilter, OrderingFilter

# Create your views here.
class KindView(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Kind.objects