tr Command Examples

本文详细介绍了 Unix 系统中的 tr 命令,包括其工作原理、常用选项及实际应用场景。通过多个实例展示了如何利用 tr 进行字符转换、大小写统一、特殊字符替换等操作。

NAME

       tr - translate or delete characters
SYNOPSIS
       tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
DESCRIPTION
       Translate,  squeeze,  and/or  delete  characters from standard input, writing to standard output.

tr是translate的简写,亦即翻译,但是遗憾的是,它不能翻译句子,只能翻译单个字符。tr是Unix系统非常实用的工具,其实用tr做到的事情,几乎都可用sed做到,你可以把tr当作是实现sed许多基本功能的sed“简体”。我认为tr是简单的“字符”处理工具,而sed是功能非常强大的“字符串”处理工具。

 

tr的工作原理是什么?

先记住一点,tr命令不接受指定的文件参数,而只是对标准输入进行翻译。好了,记住这点后,我们继续。

tr的命令格式是tr SET1 SET2,凡是在SET1中的字符,都会被替换为SET2中相应位置上的字符,简单吧!

 

【注意】tr是单个字符处理工具,而不是字符串处理工具!

 

我自己用过比较实用的例子如下:

 

1、将文件file中出现的"abc"替换为"xyz"

# cat file | tr "abc" "xyz" > new_file

【注意】这里,凡是在file中出现的"a"字母,都替换成"x"字母,"b"字母替换为"y"字母,"c"字母替换为"z"字母。而不是将字符串"abc"替换为字符串"xyz"

 

2、使用tr命令“统一”字母大小写

(小写 --> 大写)

# cat file | tr [a-z] [A-Z] > new_file

(大写 --> 小写)

# cat file | tr [A-Z] [a-z] > new_file

 

3、把文件中的数字0-9替换为a-j

# cat file | tr [0-9] [a-j] > new_file

 

4、删除文件file中出现的"Snail"字符

# cat file | tr -d "Snail" > new_file

【注意】这里,凡是在file文件中出现的'S','n','a','i','l'字符都会被删除!而不是紧紧删除出现的"Snail”字符串。

 

5、删除文件file中出现的换行'/n'、制表'/t'字符

# cat file | tr -d "/n/t" > new_file

不可见字符都得用转义字符来表示的,这个都是统一的。

 

6、删除“连续着的”重复字母,只保留第一个

# cat file | tr -s [a-zA-Z] > new_file

 

7、删除空行

# cat file | tr -s "/n" > new_file

 

8、删除Windows文件“造成”的'^M'字符

# cat file | tr -d "/r" > new_file

或者

# cat file | tr -s "/r" "/n" > new_file

【注意】这里-s后面是两个参数"/r""/n",用后者替换前者

 

9、用空格符/040替换制表符/011

# cat file | tr -s "/011" "/040" > new_file

 

10、把路径变量中的冒号":",替换成换行符"/n"

# echo $PATH | tr -s ":" "/n"

The Network Simulator, Version 3 -------------------------------- Table of Contents: ------------------ 1) An overview 2) Building ns-3 3) Running ns-3 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 Note: Much more substantial information about ns-3 can be found at http://www.nsnam.org 1) An Open Source project ------------------------- ns-3 is a free open source project aiming to build a discrete-event network simulator targeted for simulation research and education. This is a collaborative project; we hope that the missing pieces of the models we have not yet implemented will be contributed by the community in an open collaboration process. The process of contributing to the ns-3 project varies with the people involved, the amount of time they can invest and the type of model they want to work on, but the current process that the project tries to follow is described here: http://www.nsnam.org/developers/contributing-code/ This README excerpts some details from a more extensive tutorial that is maintained at: http://www.nsnam.org/documentation/latest/ 2) Building ns-3 ---------------- The code for the framework and the default models provided by ns-3 is built as a set of libraries. User simulations are expected to be written as simple programs that make use of these ns-3 libraries. To build the set of default libraries and the example programs included in this package, you need to use the tool 'waf'. Detailed information on how use waf is included in the file doc/build.txt However, the real quick and dirty way to get started is to type the command ./waf configure --enable-examples followed by ./waf in the the directory which contains this README file. The files built will be copied in the build/ directory. The current codebase is expected to build and run on the set of platforms listed in the RELEASE_NOTES file. Other platforms may or may not work: we welcome patches to improve the portability of the code to these other platforms. 3) Running ns-3 --------------- On recent Linux systems, once you have built ns-3 (with examples enabled), it should be easy to run the sample programs with the following command, such as: ./waf --run simple-global-routing That program should generate a simple-global-routing.tr text trace file and a set of simple-global-routing-xx-xx.pcap binary pcap trace files, which can be read by tcpdump -tt -r filename.pcap The program source can be found in the examples/routing directory. 4) Getting access to the ns-3 documentation ------------------------------------------- Once you have verified that your build of ns-3 works by running the simple-point-to-point example as outlined in 4) above, it is quite likely that you will want to get started on reading some ns-3 documentation. All of that documentation should always be available from the ns-3 website: http:://www.nsnam.org/documentation/. This documentation includes: - a tutorial - a reference manual - models in the ns-3 model library - a wiki for user-contributed tips: http://www.nsnam.org/wiki/ - API documentation generated using doxygen: this is a reference manual, most likely not very well suited as introductory text: http://www.nsnam.org/doxygen/index.html 5) Working with the development version of ns-3 ----------------------------------------------- If you want to download and use the development version of ns-3, you need to use the tool 'mercurial'. A quick and dirty cheat sheet is included in doc/mercurial.txt but reading through the mercurial tutorials included on the mercurial website is usually a good idea if you are not familiar with it. If you have successfully installed mercurial, you can get a copy of the development version with the following command: "hg clone http://code.nsnam.org/ns-3-dev"
最新发布
03-08
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