3.Beyond BIOS

Contents

    1.Session Goals
    2.What is Legacy BIOS?
    3.Problem of Legacy BIOS
    4.Key Platform Elements Compared
    5.The changing role of BIOS
    6.PC Firmware Lags Competition
    7.EFI Solves Option ROM Problems
    8.Who’s ROM is it Anyway
    9.EFI Solves ROM Issues
    10.How to Configure Option ROMs
    11.EFI Solves Booting Problems
    12.EFI Advances Booting Technology
    13.EFI Solves Console Problems
    14.EFI Can Replace DOS
    15.EFI Enables Hardware Legacy Reduction
    16.Supercomputer to Cell Phone

Session Goals

• Understand shortcoming of legacy BIOS

• What can EFI as replacement for BIOS Solve?

What is Legacy BIOS?(IBM的历史)

•Basic Input - Output System for original IBM PC/XT and PC/AT

•Originated in 1980s

•Based on 8086 architecture

•A group of clearly defined OS-independent interface for hardware

• – Int10 for Video service
• – Int13 disk service
• – Int16 keyboard service
• – Int18 BIOS ROM loader
• – Int19 bootstrap loader

•Availability of MS-DOS outside of IBM allowed applications to run equally well across different brands of box "PC clones".

 

Problem of Legacy BIOS

•It is not platform independent, it highly depends on Intel 8086 Software Interrupt model(高度依赖8086模式)

• – Real mode
• – 16-bits register access
• – No memory address beyond 1MB
• – Option ROM space limited to below 1MB, limitation on OPROM size

• Modern Intel CPU architecture has come to 32bit, 64bits protection mode, with HT(超线程技术) and Multi-core, but for compatibility, it should still boot up in 16 bit real mode

• It is inaccessible to boot 64 system which still call into 16 bit legacy firmware when Itanium processor family come into life.

• More and more new technology come out, like VT, LT et al. it is very hard to enable those technology in the whole eco-system quickly in legacy BIOS

• Architecture independent is the key for the next generation BIOS, that is where the EFI come from, single driver can work in x86, Itanium and XScale et al.

 

Key Platform Elements Compared

The changing role of BIOS

•Historically the only role of BIOS has been to configure the system to boot an OS

• -Setup the hardware, configure memory
• -Build some data structures
• -Bang Int13 and were done!

•Those days are gone, today need to worry about much more

• -Scalable systems
• -Systems Management
• -Power management
• -Remote services

 

PC Firmware Lags Competition

•Examples:

• – RISC systems can revert to a monitor if the OS dies.
• – PC servers take minutes to boot.

•No headroom for innovation and improvements.

• – Partitioning support
• – Security
• – High performance clusters
• – Testing !

• Booting over complex topologies.

• Changing OS boot loaders for each new boot device type.

 

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What can EFI as replacement for BIOS Solve?

 

 

 

 

EFI Solves Option ROM Problems

•Option ROM is 1970’s technology

• – PC 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 with 256 KB RAM and 160KB floppy

•Option ROMs are more about ISA than PCI

• – 16-bit Real Mode Code
• – Limited Option ROM space (128K – 196K)

•Creative Solutions Cause New Problems

• – Single ROM controls multiple devices
• – Hot Keys: No configuration in ISA

Who’s ROM is it Anyway

•Single ROM tries to control Multiple Devices

•If you have multiple devices:

• – Which ROM do you shadow?
• – May require user configuration to enable/disable Option ROM scan

• If the ROM recognizes the PCI device how does it make sure it’s the right ROM

• – Common problem is onboard device and plug in device from same vendor

• Option ROM magic causes platform BIOS writer issues

• – Different ROMs do different magic things

• BIOS has work around for Option ROMs

• Option ROMs have work around for different BIOS versions

 

EFI Solves ROM Issues

•EFI Option ROMs can be any where in system memory

• – No need to restrict the number of Option ROMs shadowed
• – Default is to let the ROM on the card manage the device

•EFI allows platform to control policy

• – EFI_PLATFORM_DRIVER_OVERRIDE API lets platform control what Option ROM controls what device

•Why don’t PC’s boot from Wi-Fi?

 

How to Configure Option ROMs

• Option ROM configuration requires magic hot key

• – Boot process must be interrupted in the magic 2 second window to enter configuration menus

• EFI requires Option ROMs to register a configuration interface

• – Option ROM config is an extension of setup

EFI Solves Booting Problems

•BBS is confusing with multiple layers of menus

• – Menu for device type and sub menu for which hard drive

• Booting is limited by 512 byte boot sector

• – Not enough headroom for security information
• – 1st stage PXE boot 32K image

• PC Disk partitioning with Master Boot Record (MBR)

• – Limited to 4 partitions
• – Only one active partition at a time
• – Lots of cheating with the first cluster

 

EFI Advances Booting Technology

•EFI boots from a file on the media

•File can be any size

• – Not limited to 512 bytes
• – Lots of headroom for adding security in the future

•A disk can support a large number of boot options

• – No more C: requirement

•EFI boot media is backwards compatible with PC boot media

• – Media can boot legacy and EFI at the same time

 

EFI Solves Console Problems

•BIOS console requires VGA hardware and Video BIOS

•Even if you don’t have a monitor VGA adapter and video BIOS is required

• – Serial, Telnet, still require VGA

•KVM usage based on need for VGA

•EFI defines three Unicode based consoles

• – Output (VGA, serial, telnet, ...
• – Input (keyboard, serial, telnet, or …)
• – Error (debug information)

•Consoles are software based, no specific hardware required

•Serial Supported

• – Includes VT-UTF8 – Unicode serial terminal

•Telnet supported

• – Includes VT-UTF8 – Unicode telnet

 

EFI Can Replace DOS

• Execute preboot programs, such as setup, operating system install, test, mta, config, diagnostic, system flash and management update

• Move files around between the hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, USB flash devices, and so on

• Load a preboot EFI driver in the system that is LAN stack TCPIPdrivers, update old drivers in flash, new drivers for plugin cards

• Has scripting .nsh files analogous to .bat files in DOS

• Text Edit and hexedit are just some of the tools that are built into the Shell

EFI Enables Hardware Legacy Reduction

•PC still has 1970’s H/W Technology

• – 16-bit real mode code
• – ISA devices
• – VGA is really an ISA device acting like VGA

•Removing legacy H/W allows innovation

• – Xscale has Reset vector at zero
• – Super Computers frequently don’t have memory at zero
• – PC has interrupt vectors at zero

 

Supercomputer to Cell Phone

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