linux中安装各种字体

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最新推荐文章于 2025-02-18 16:05:35 发布

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分类专栏：基于类linux的开发文章标签： linux server windows microsoft fonts keyboard

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http://www.linuxforum.net/doc1/xfree86font/

http://www.linuxpower.cn/bbs/read.php?tid=352
http://www.xfree86.org
http://www.truetype-typography.com/
http://spaces.msn.com/hum998/blog/cns!aa0c007cc0f2dc67!148/
http://www.freetype.org/

xtt, freetype, xfs, xft简答
2005-08-24 10:00 am
作者：linux宝库 (http://www.linuxmine.com)
来自：linux宝库 (http://www.linuxmine.com)
现存：http://www.linuxmine.com/4157.html
联系：linuxmine#gmail.com

不明白？欢迎到 linux论坛 (http://bbs.linuxmine.com) 参加讨论!

X Window是所谓client-server结构,这里的server管显示(输出)、键盘和
鼠标(输入)部分,而client则是你正在用的程序,比如编辑器。Server收集
键盘和鼠标的输入,送到编辑器这一client,编辑器经过处理后,回过来再让
server去显示一些字到屏幕上,来回折腾。

怎样显示一个字呢?

一个字实际上就是一个小图,如果小图上的点非黑即白,就称为黑白点阵;
如果小图上的点可以有不同的亮度甚至颜色,则称为AA点阵。每个字,也就
是每个小图都有固定的编号,编辑器(client)可以只告诉server某个编号,
server根据该编号去找出对应的小图,这种方案就是所谓的server side
font,如FreeType,X-TrueType等backend就属此类;如果编辑器自己去找小
图,干脆把小图送给server去显示,这种方案就是所谓client side font,
Xft属这一类。
　　server side font
　　　　FreeType backend: 即XF86Config中的freetype模块
　　　　X-TrueType backend: 即XF86Config中的xtt模块
　　client side font
　　　　Xft: 设置文件是fonts.conf

还有一类,xfs,跟server side font一样,client把字编码传给server,但
server并不直接从字库中读出对应该编码的小图,而是把编码再传给另外
的所谓font server,由font server去字库找出对应的图,返回给X server
去显示,姑且将这种方式称为font server font:
　　font server font
　　　　xfs: 设置文件是X11/fs/config

不管是哪一类,最终都要去字库文件读出对应编码的小图,至少对TrueType
格式的字库文件而言,xtt也好,freetype也好,Xft也好,几乎都用到了
FreeType这一字库engine,虽然xtt没人继续改进,还是用FreeType 1,别人
都改用FreeType 2了。正因为大家都用FreeType字库engine,使得xtt,
freetype,Xft这些名字容易弄混,让人头大。解决的办法很简单:不要再去
管什么xtt,不要再去管什么freetype,不要再去管什么xfs:
　　只要弄清Xft就够了。

X字库设置必读: Juliusz Chroboczek的Fonts in XFree86
　　http://www.xfree86.org/~dawes/4.3.0/fonts.html

1. What is a font server?

The benefit of running a font server is speed, fonts are loaded from xfs memory cache instead of disk when needed. The disadvantage is that font servers uses memory, 5M to xxM depending on the number of fonts.

xfs is the default font server included with xfree 4.2.x/4.3.x.

Facts about fonts

Many applications, specially those based on KDE, loads alot of fonts into memory when they are started. Do keep in mind that the more fonts you have installed, the slower applications will start. Even though this delay will be shorter when using xfs, it still remains a fact that the more fonts you have installed, the slower applications start. Response times when using applications (things like fonts list boxes with font previewing) may also seem slower with more fonts. Basically less is more, a small selection of good and usable fonts are preferrable to a large number of ugly and rare-used bloat.

2. Running a xfs font server

The xfs font server is configured by the file

  /etc/X11/fs/config

Add no-listen = tcp if the font server will only serve the box it is running on. When using the box as a font server for a LAN, make sure it's commented # out: #no-listen = tcp

Example for a server:

  #no-listen = tcp
  client-limit = 25
  clone-self = on

clone-self makes xfs start another font server when client-limit is reached.

xfs default -port is 7100.

Make sure you add xfs as a boot (init) service

For more information, read the xfs manpage

On Gentoo Linux, the port is set in

  /etc/conf.d/xfs

by the options

  XFS_PORT="-1"
  SETUP_FONTDIRS="yes"

When using xfs as a stand-alone server on slow boxes SETUP_FONTDIRS="no" is recommended.

Use XFS_PORT="7100" to run xfs as a shared server (and make sure you do not have no-listen = tcp in /etc/X11/fs/config)

3. xfs with XFree (xf86config)

In /etc/X11/XF86Config, add a FontPath to your font server and # comment the FontPath lines that point to local folders. For compatiblity some distributions name the config files XF86Config-4 for XFree 4.x and XF86Config for the old 3.x versions (Mandrake, Redhat).

To use a local xfs server with XFree (no-listen = tcp, XFS_PORT="-1"), add:

  FontPath "unix/:-1"

The format used is:

  transport/hostname:port

Example of using a running on your LAN:

  FontPath "tcp/192.168.0.1:7100"

XFree configuration

How to configure and tune your XFree server

1. The XFree config file

XFree is configured by the textfile /etc/X11/XF86Config.

Some distributions (Redhat/Mandrake) use two config files, for those the system is:

/etc/X11/XF86Config	Configuration for XFree 3.x
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4	Configuration for XFree 4.x

The default for XFree is /etc/X11/XF86Config.

2. ATI Based Graphics Cards

Gentoo ATI Radeon FAQ answers most questions about ATI based graphics cards and is also relevant for other distributions.

3. Starting applications on another screen or computer

If you have more than one display connected to your box and these are configured in XF86Config as seperate screens (not a shared desktop like xinerama or Nvidias TwinView does it) then your first display is named 0.0, your second 0.1, your thrid 0.2 and so on. The first number points to the number of the X-server you are using, unless you know you started a second one you only have one, named 0, running.

By using the variable DISPLAY= you can start applications directly on the screen of your prefernece.

Example:

DISPLAY=localhost:0.1 gqview

Most, but not all applications also supports choosing screen with the option --display=:

gqview --display=localhost:0.1

If you need to run a program like xmame through a frontend like gxmame and you want to start it on another display, you can make a script and use $* to pass all command line options on to the program in question. Example /usr/games/bin/xmame.tv:

  DISPLAY=localhost:0.1
  xmame.xgl $*

X11 has great support for using remote displays on other boxes. This is done the same way, but first you most use xhost to tell the X-server where you wil be displaying the program that it is OK for the box where you are running the program to use that display.

Box A is a powerfull server and will be running our programs. It has IP 192.168.0.20.

Box B is a Pentium 75 and will only display programs and read the keyboard and mouse. It has IP 192.168.0.90.

Start X11 on Box B and run the command:

xhost 192.168.0.20.

Now log into Box A using ssh, set the display to Box B and run your programs as usual:

  ssh you@192.168.0.20
  DISPLAY=192.168.0.20:0.0
  gqview &

Note that Gentoo Linux users most run xhost localhost as the user who started (or logged into) the X11 server to allow other users (like root) run grapical programs.

4. Keyboard shortcuts

ctrl alt +	smaller resolution
ctrl alt -	bigger resolution
shift num-lock	mouse-emulation of/off (arrow keys, + and - are mouse-buttons)
ctrl alt backspace	Kills and closes the X server (emergency only)

http://linuxreviews.org/howtos/index.html.en

Window 与字符集字体文件相关内容

National Language Support (.nls) files

National Language Support files contain data on how to support different languages

Code Page

A code page is a translation table that the Windows CE OS uses to enable conversions from ANSI to Unicode

A code page is an ordered set of characters in which a numeric index (also known as a code point value) is associated with each character. The first 128 characters of each code page are functionally the same and include all characters needed to type English text. The upper 128 characters of OEM and ANSI code pages contain characters used in a language or group of languages.

Language Group

The language group controls which system locale, user locales, input locales, and user interface (UI) languages can be selected. For example, Windows installs the Western Europe and United States language group by default. This default cannot be removed. For each localized version, the specified language group is the default and cannot be removed. Thus, if the English version of Windows is installed in a non-English speaking country/region, the user will typically install another language group.

When adding a language group, Windows copies (but does not activate) the necessary keyboard files, Input Method Editors (IMEs), TrueType Font files, bitmap font files, and National Language Support (.nls) files. Adding a language group also adds registry values for font linking and installs scripting engines for complex script languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Indic, and Thai).

In addition to the Western Europe and United States language group there are 16 other language groups:

Arabic
Armenian
Baltic
Central Europe
Cyrillic
Georgian
Greek
Hebrew

Indic
Japanese
Korean
Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese
Thai
Turkish
Vietnamese

Any number and combination of language groups can be installed on any system. For example, a Spanish user would install the Cyrillic language group to work on Russian texts. In this case, the word processing application needs to support the Cyrillic language group also.

Note Adding the appropriate language group will not automatically enable an application to accept text. Testing is recommended. For example, applications that are not completely Unicode-compliant might require the system locale to be changed.

National Language Support in Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000

National Language Support (NLS) provides a standardized method of supporting multiple international locales, code pages, input methods, sort orders, and number/currency/time/date formats.

The Win32® NLS API provides developers with a way to access system-provided Unicode-to-ANSI and ANSI-to-Unicode conversion services. Microsoft® Windows Server™ 2003, Windows® XP, and Windows 2000 supply EBCDIC-to-Unicode and Unicode-to-EBCDIC translation tables for all of the popular host code pages.

The SNANLS API leverages the existing work done to support the NLS API on Server™ 2003, Windows® XP, and Windows 2000. Microsoft Host Integration Server 2004 takes advantage of these EBCDIC-to-Unicode-to-ANSI and ANSI-to-Unicode-to-EBCDIC code page conversion services.

Currently, the Win32 NLS API only supports SBCS EBCDIC code pages. However, future versions of the NLS API will support DBCS EBCDIC. SNANLS currently uses TrnsDT for DBCS conversions.

附录：

A） Code Page	Language (script)	Filename (Windows 95/98)	Filename (Windows NT)
932	Japanese	cp_932.nls	c_932.nls
936	Simplified Chinese	cp_936.nls	c_936.nls
949	Unified Hangul	cp_949.nls	c_949.nls
950	Traditional Chinese	cp_950.nls	c_950.nls
1250	Central / Eastern European	cp_1250.nls	c_1250.nls
1251	Cyrillic	cp_1251.nls	c_1251.nls
1252	Latin I	cp_1252.nls	c_1252.nls
1253	Greek	cp_1253.nls	c_1253.nls
1254	Turkish	cp_1254.nls	c_1254.nls
1255	Hebrew	cp_1255.nls	c_1255.nls
1256	Arabic	cp_1256.nls	c_1256.nls
1257	Baltic	cp_1257.nls	c_1257.nls

B）Locale ID (LCID) Values as Assigned by Microsoft

--比如我们常见的2052就代表简体中文（Chinese - People's Republic of China）

表的内容

C)The following table shows the code pages supported by Windows CE.

Code page	ANSI, OEM or other standards	Description
437	OEM	Microsoft® MS-DOS® United States
708	OEM	Arabic (ASMO 708)
709	OEM	Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)
710	OEM	Arabic (Transparent Arabic)
720	OEM	Arabic (Transparent ASMO)
737	OEM	Greek (OEM 437G)
775	OEM	Baltic
850	OEM	MS-DOS Multilingual (Latin I)
852	OEM	MS-DOS (Latin II)
855	OEM	IBM Cyrillic (primarily Russian)
857	OEM	IBM Turkish
858	OEM	MS-DOS Multilingual (Latin I + Euro)
860	OEM	MS-DOS Portuguese
861	OEM	MS-DOS Icelandic
862	OEM	Hebrew
863	OEM	MS-DOS Canadian-French
864	OEM	Arabic
865	OEM	MS-DOS Nordic
866	OEM	MS-DOS Russian
869	OEM	MS-DOS Modern Greek
874	ANSI & OEM	Thai
932	ANSI & OEM	Japanese Shift-JIS
936	ANSI & OEM	ANSI & OEM Chinese: PRC; Macau SAR, PRC; Singapore (Simplified GBK)
949	ANSI & OEM	Korean
950	ANSI & OEM	ANSI & OEM Chinese: Taiwan; Hong Kong SAR, PRC (Traditional Big5)
1200	ANSI	Unicode (BMP of ISO 10646)
1250	ANSI	Microsoft® Windows® 3.1 Central European
1251	ANSI	Windows 3.1 Cyrillic
1252	ANSI	Windows 3.1 US
1253	ANSI	Windows 3.1 Greek
1254	ANSI	Windows 3.1 Turkish
1255	ANSI	Hebrew
1256	ANSI	Arabic
1257	ANSI	Baltic
1258	ANSI & OEM	Vietnamese
1361	ANSI & OEM	Korean (Johab)
20000	OTHER	CNS - Taiwan
20001	OTHER	TCA - Taiwan
20002	OTHER	E-Ten - Taiwan
20003	OTHER	IBM5550 - Taiwan
20004	OTHER	TeleText - Taiwan
20005	OTHER	Wang - Taiwan
20127	OTHER	US ASCII
20261	OTHER	T.61
20269	ISO	ISO-6937
20866	OTHER	Ukrainian - KOI8-U
21027	OTHER	Ext Alpha Lowercase
21866	OTHER	Ukranian - KOI8
28591	ISO	ISO 8859-1 Latin I
28592	ISO	ISO 8859-2 Eastern Europe
28593	ISO	ISO 8859-3 Turkish
28594	ISO	ISO 8859-4 Baltic
28595	ISO	ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic
28596	ISO	ISO 8859-6 Arabic
28597	ISO	ISO 8859-7 Greek
28598	ISO	ISO 8859-8 Hebrew
28599	ISO	ISO 8859-9 Latin Alphabet No.5
29001	OTHER	Europa 3