一、知识剖析
1.ansible简介:
ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具,基于Python开发,集合了众多运维工具(puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric)的优点,实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。
ansible是基于模块工作的,本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块,ansible只是提供一种框架。
2.ansible特性:
模块化:调用特定的模块,完成特定任务
有Paramiko,PyYAML,Jinja2(模板语言)三个关键模块
支持自定义模块
基于Python语言实现
部署简单,基于python和SSH(默认已安装),agentless
安全,基于OpenSSH
支持playbook编排任务
幂等性:一个任务执行1遍和执行n遍效果一样,不因重复执行带来意外情况
无需代理不依赖PKI(无需ssl)
可使用任何编程语言写模块
YAML格式,编排任务,支持丰富的数据结构
较强大的多层解决方案
由以下几个核心组件构成:
ansible(主体):ansible的核心程序,提供一个命令行接口给用户对ansible进行管理操作;
Host Inventory(主机清单):为Ansible定义了管理主机的策略。一般小型环境下我们只需要在host文件中写入主机的IP地址即可,但是到了中大型环境我们有可能需要使用静态inventory或者动态主机清单来生成我们所需要执行的目标主机。
Core Modules(核心模块):Ansible执行命令的功能模块,多数为内置的核心模块。
Custom Modules(拓展模块):如何ansible自带的模块无法满足我么你的需求,用户可自定义相应的模块来满足自己的需求。
Connection Plugins(连接插件):模块功能的补充,如连接类型插件、循环插件、变量插件、过滤插件等,该功能不常用
Playbook(任务剧本):编排定义ansible任务集的配置文件,由ansible顺序依次执行,通常是JSON格式的* YML文件
API:供第三方程序调用的应用程序编程接口
4.Ansible工作原理:
管理端支持local 、ssh、zeromq 三种方式连接被管理端,默认使用基于ssh的连接---这部分对应基本架构图中的连接模块;
可以按应用类型等方式进行Host Inventory(主机群)分类,管理节点通过各类模块实现相应的操作---单个模块,单条命令的批量执行,我们可以称之为ad-hoc;
管理节点可以通过playbooks 实现多个task的集合实现一类功能,如web服务的安装部署、数据库服务器的批量备份等。playbooks我们可以简单的理解为,系统通过组合多条ad-hoc操作的配置文件 。
二、ansible的安装
ansible的配置文件:
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 主配置文件,配置ansible工作特性
/etc/ansible/hosts 主机清单
/etc/ansible/roles/ 存放角色的目录
1.安装软件
[root@server1 ~]# cd ansible/
[root@server1 ansible]# ls
ansible-2.7.8-1.el7.noarch.rpm
ansible-tower-setup-bundle-3.4.2-1.el7.tar.gz
libtomcrypt-1.17-25.el7.x86_64.rpm
libtommath-0.42.0-5.el7.x86_64.rpm
python2-crypto-2.6.1-13.el7.x86_64.rpm
python2-jmespath-0.9.0-1.el7.noarch.rpm
python-httplib2-0.9.2-0.1.el7.noarch.rpm
python-keyczar-0.71c-2.el7.noarch.rpm
python-paramiko-2.1.1-0.9.el7.noarch.rpm
sshpass-1.06-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@server1 ansible]# yum install -y *.rpm
2.配置主机清单
[root@server1 ansible]# useradd devops
[root@server1 ansible]# passwd devops
[root@server1 ansible]# su - devops
[devops@server1 ~]$ mkdir ansible
[devops@server1 ~]$ cd ansible/
[devops@server1 ansible]$ ls
[devops@server1 ansible]$ vim ansible.cfg
[defaults]
inventory = inventory ##默认读取文件
[devops@server1 ansible]$ vim inventory
[test] ##组
server2 ##组内的主机
[db]
server3
[webservers:children] ##将两个组相连
test
db
3.在server2和server3上添加devops用户并,制作免密连接
[root@server2 ~]# useradd devops
[root@server2 ~]# passwd devops
[root@server3 ~]# useradd devops
[root@server3 ~]# passwd devops
[devops@server1 ansible]$ ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/devops/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/devops/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/devops/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
e0:93:98:17:c3:ac:54:ab:93:25:90:5e:25:de:aa:cc devops@server1
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| ....o |
| .o.* . |
| . .+ X |
| .. @ = |
| O = S |
| o . o . |
| E |
| |
| |
+-----------------+
[devops@server1 ansible]$ ssh-copy-id server1
The authenticity of host 'server1 (172.25.26.1)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 0d:6c:e1:1e:ff:c7:14:43:94:87:34:b1:15:bb:cf:94.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
devops@server1's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'server1'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[devops@server1 ansible]$ ssh-copy-id server2
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
devops@server2's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'server2'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[devops@server1 ansible]$ ssh-copy-id server3
The authenticity of host 'server3 (172.25.26.3)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 0d:6c:e1:1e:ff:c7:14:43:94:87:34:b1:15:bb:cf:94.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted no