SaltStack之配置管理

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-23 09:16:57 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-23 09:16:57 发布

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文章标签： liunx

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/qq_58281305/article/details/121117679

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本文介绍了SaltStack的配置管理，包括YAML语言的基本规则，如何用SaltStack配置Apache实例，以及top file的介绍和高级状态highstate的使用。在Master上部署sls配置文件后，在Minion上检查确认Apache成功部署。top file作为自动化入口，定义了主机执行的任务，而highstate则用于日常管理操作，可以预览执行计划而不实际执行。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

一. YAML语言

YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。

它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。

YAML语言的格式如下：

house:
  family:
    name: Doe
    parents:
      - John
      - Jane
    children:
      - Paul
      - Mark
      - Simone
  address:
    number: 34
    street: Main Street
    city: Nowheretown
    zipcode: 12345

YAML的基本规则：

使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
用 - 表示列表，-
的后面必须有一个空格用 # 表示注释

YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。

[root@master ~]# cd /etc/salt/
[root@master salt]# ls
cloud           cloud.maps.d       master    minion.d   proxy
cloud.conf.d    cloud.profiles.d   master.d  minion_id  proxy.d
cloud.deploy.d  cloud.providers.d  minion    pki        roster
[root@master salt]# vim master
 677 #file_roots:
 678 #  base:
 679 #    - /srv/salt
 680 #
 ## 在配置文件里面加入以下内容
 681 file_roots:
 682   base:     ## 基础环境
 683     - /srv/salt/base
 684   test:     ## 测试环境
 685     - /srv/salt/test
 686   dev:      ## 开发环境
 687     - /srv/salt/dev
 688   prod:     ## 生产环境
 689     - /srv/salt/prod

// 创建刚刚配置文件里面写的目录
[root@master salt]# ls /srv/
[root@master salt]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/{base,test,dev,prod}
[root@master salt]# tree /srv/
/srv/
└── salt
    ├── base
    ├── dev
    ├── prod
    └── test

5 directories, 0 files

// 因为改了master的配置文件所以要重启master
[root@master salt]# systemctl restart salt-master

需要注意：
base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名
saltstack比ansible更加强调解耦的概念

二、用SaltStack配置一个apache实例

1 在Master上部署sls配置文件并执行

// 进到/srv/salt/base里面创建一个目录结构
[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# ls
[root@master base]# mkdir web/{nginx,apache} -p
[root@master base]# tree 
.
└── web
    ├── apache
    └── nginx

3 directories, 0 files

// 进入web/apache下面，写一个apache.sls状态文件
// YAML 配置文件中顶格写的被称作ID，必须全局唯一，不能重复
// SaltStack 读 YAML 配置文件时是从上往下读，所以要把先执行的写在前面
[root@master base]# vim web/apache/apache.sls
apache-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: httpd

apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: httpd
    - enable: true
[root@master base]# tree 
.
└── web
    ├── apache
    │   └── apache.sls
    └── nginx

3 directories, 1 file

// 在minion2上执行apache.sls状态文件
[root@master base]# salt 'minion2' state.sls web.apache.apache saltenv=base    
state意思是执行，state.sls意思就是执行状态；整句意思是执行base环境下面的web下面的apache下面的apache。
如果用的是base环境的话，saltenv=base可以省略；但是如果是dev、prod、test的话就必须加上saltenv=dev、prod、test
网慢所以才导致安装慢，等一小会就好了。
minion2:
    Minion did not return. [No response]
    The minions may not have all finished running and any remaining minions will return upon completion. To look up the return data for this job later, run the following command:
    
    salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 20211102102604498582     #如果报了以上这种错误，并没有任何影响，不用管它，然后执行这条命令就可以看见minion2的信息
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code              

//查看状态文件执行的结果
[root@master base]# salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 20211102102604498582
minion2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 18:26:08.273303
    Duration: 11811.171 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              apr:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.4.8-7.el7
                  old:
              apr-util:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.5.2-6.el7
                  old:
              httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1
                  old:
              httpd-tools:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1
                  old:
              mailcap:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.1.41-2.el7
                  old:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
     Started: 18:26:20.103534
    Duration: 29395.506 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  True

Summary for minion2
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)   ## 如果再次执行一遍，整个字体都是绿色的，而且这里也没用changed，就说明已经达到了目标状态，已经达到了目标状态就不做任何事。如果它没有达到目标状态那就要让它去达到目标状态。
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  41.207 s

2 在Minion上检查

// 在minion2上查看安装的apache服务
[root@minion2 ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
httpd-tools-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1.x86_64
httpd-2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1.x86_64
[root@minion2 ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::80                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100       ::1:25                 :::*    
[root@minion2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since 二 2021-11-02 18:26:49 CST; 15min ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 57712 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─57712 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─58241 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─58242 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─58243 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─58244 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─58245 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

11月 02 18:26:20 minion2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Se...
11月 02 18:26:39 minion2 httpd[57712]: AH00558: httpd: Could not...
11月 02 18:26:49 minion2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Ser...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

由以上内容可知apache确实已部署成功。

执行状态文件的技巧：

先用test.ping测试需要执行状态文件的主机是否能正常通信，然后再执行状态文件

三、top file

1 top file介绍

直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。

top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。

top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。

top file：定义文件入口

一对多

top file 实例：

[root@minion ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Stream release 8
[root@minion ~]# yum list all|grep nginx  ## centos8上默认是有nginx的
nginx.x86_64                                           1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-all-modules.noarch                               1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-filesystem.noarch                                1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-mod-http-image-filter.x86_64                     1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-mod-http-perl.x86_64                             1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter.x86_64                      1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-mod-mail.x86_64                                  1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
nginx-mod-stream.x86_64                                1:1.14.1-9.module_el8.0.0+184+e34fea82                 appstream        
pcp-pmda-nginx.x86_64                                  5.3.4-1.el8                                            appstream        

[root@minion2 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) 
[root@minion2 ~]# yum list all|grep httpd   ## centos7上默认是有httpd的
httpd-tools.x86_64                          2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1      @updates 
httpd.x86_64                                2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1      updates  
httpd-devel.x86_64                          2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1      updates  
httpd-manual.noarch                         2.4.6-97.el7.centos.1      updates  
keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch        0.8-1.el7                  base     
libmicrohttpd.i686                          0.9.33-2.el7               base     
libmicrohttpd.x86_64                        0.9.33-2.el7               base     
libmicrohttpd-devel.i686                    0.9.33-2.el7               base     
libmicrohttpd-devel.x86_64                  0.9.33-2.el7               base     
libmicrohttpd-doc.noarch                    0.9.33-2.el7               base     
python2-keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch
[root@master base]# tree 
.
└── web
    ├── apache
    │   └── install.sls
    └── nginx

3 directories, 1 file

// 给nginx写一个状态文件，描述一下要干什么事
[root@master base]# vim web/nginx/install.sls
nginx-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: nginx

nginx-service:
  service.running:
    - name: nginx
    - enable: true
[root@master base]# tree 
.
└── web
    ├── apache
    │   └── install.sls
    └── nginx
        └── install.sls

3 directories, 2 files

// 写一个top file 
[root@master base]# ls
web
[root@master base]# vim top.sls
base:      ## 要执行状态文件的环境
  'minion':     ## 要执行状态文件的目标
    - web.nginx.install     ## 要执行的状态文件
  'minion2':
    - web.apache.install
## 让minion去执行base环境下面的web下面的nginx下面的install这个文件；让minion2去执行base环境下面的web下面的apache下面的install

// 针对所有主机去执行状态文件里面的状态模块里面的高级状态，这个高级状态会去读取top file里面的任务，而且top file里面也明确写了哪个主机去做什么事。这边一执行那边就会各自做各自的事。
[root@master base]# salt '*' state.highstate saltenv=base
master:      ## 因为top file里面没有写master要干什么，所以会报红，这里不用管它
----------
          ID: states
    Function: no.None
      Result: False
     Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. Please see master log for details.
     Changes:   

Summary for master
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed:    1
------------
Total states run:     1
Total run time:   0.000 ms
minion:
    Minion did not return. [No response]
    The minions may not have all finished running and any remaining minions will return upon completion. To look up the return data for this job later, run the following command:
    
    salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 20211102111948584886
minion2:
    Minion did not return. [No response]
    The minions may not have all finished running and any remaining minions will return upon completion. To look up the return data for this job later, run the following command:
    
    salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 20211102111948584886
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code

// 二次执行，就能看见状态文件执行的结果
[root@master base]# salt '*' state.highstate
master:
----------
          ID: states
    Function: no.None
      Result: False
     Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. Please see master log for details.
     Changes:   

Summary for master
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed:    1
------------
Total states run:     1
Total run time:   0.000 ms
minion2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 19:30:03.026893
    Duration: 794.833 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The service httpd is already running
     Started: 19:30:03.824491
    Duration: 40.209 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for minion2
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time: 835.042 ms
minion:
----------
          ID: nginx-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: nginx
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 19:30:01.692266
    Duration: 1003.904 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: nginx-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: nginx
      Result: True
     Comment: The service nginx is already running
     Started: 19:30:02.698575
    Duration: 49.184 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for minion
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:   1.053 s
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code

//查看minion的httpd状态
[root@minion2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since 二 2021-11-02 19:20:29 CST; 5min ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
 Main PID: 115057 (httpd)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"
   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
           ├─115057 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─115516 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─115517 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─115518 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           ├─115519 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
           └─115520 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

11月 02 19:20:02 minion2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Se...
11月 02 19:20:17 minion2 httpd[115057]: AH00558: httpd: Could no...
11月 02 19:20:29 minion2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Ser...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@minion2 ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::80                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100       ::1:25                 :::*      

//查看minion2的nginx状态    
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; >
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2021-11-02 19:21:24 CST; 5min>
 Main PID: 179241 (nginx)
    Tasks: 2 (limit: 4743)
   Memory: 8.7M
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─179241 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
           └─179242 nginx: worker process

11月 02 19:21:24 minion systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and rev>
11月 02 19:21:24 minion nginx[179210]: nginx: the configuration fil>
11月 02 19:21:24 minion nginx[179210]: nginx: configuration file /e>
11月 02 19:21:24 minion systemd[1]: nginx.service: Failed to parse >
11月 02 19:21:24 minion systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reve>
[root@minion ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port Process 
LISTEN 0      128          0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*            
LISTEN 0      128          0.0.0.0:80          0.0.0.0:*            
LISTEN 0      128             [::]:22             [::]:*            
LISTEN 0      128             [::]:80             [::]:*

注意：
若top file里面的目标是用 * 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 * 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而 salt ‘*’ state.highstate 里面的 * 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的

2 高级状态highstate的使用

管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态

[root@master ~]# salt '*' state.highstate   //生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令

注意：
上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。

若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。

//停掉minon上的httpd服务
[root@minion2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@minion2 ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128     *:22                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                  *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128    :::22                 :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100       ::1:25                 :::*         
    
//在master上执行高级状态的测试
[root@master base]# salt 'minion2' state.highstate test=true
minion2:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 20:51:48.584251
    Duration: 1217.84 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: None
     Comment: Service httpd is set to start
     Started: 20:51:49.807326
    Duration: 39.05 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for minion2
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)     ## unchanged意思是还没有改变，但是是可以改变的
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:   1.257 s

//在minion上查看httpd是否启动
[root@minion2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since 二 2021-11-02 20:46:46 CST; 6min ago
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)
  Process: 3035 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 941 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 941 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"

11月 02 20:44:28 minion2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Se...
11月 02 20:44:39 minion2 httpd[941]: AH00558: httpd: Could not r...
11月 02 20:44:56 minion2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Ser...
11月 02 20:46:45 minion2 systemd[1]: Stopping The Apache HTTP Se...
11月 02 20:46:46 minion2 systemd[1]: Stopped The Apache HTTP Ser...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

//由此可见高级状态并没有执行，因为httpd并没有启动