Mysql之子查询

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这篇博客详细介绍了MySQL中的子查询，包括单行子查询、多行子查询、相关子查询、EXISTS与NOT EXISTS的使用，以及在不同场景下的应用示例，帮助读者深入理解子查询的分类和操作。

子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询，这个特性从MySQL 4.1开始引入

五. EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS

六. 练习。。。

一. 分类

分类方式1：
我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录，将子查询分为 单行子查询、多行子查询 。

分类方式2： 我们按内查询是否被执行多次，将子查询划分为 相关(或关联)子查询和不相关(或非关联)子查询。

- 注意事项
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

二. 单行子查询

2.1单行比较操作符

2.2 代码示例：

# 查询与141号员工或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN
(SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND department_id IN
(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND employee_id NOT IN(174,141);

2.3 HAVING 中的子查询

# 查询最低工资大于110号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
			SELECT MIN(salary)
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = 110
		     );

2.4 CASE中的子查询

# 显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800
的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’
SELECT employee_id, last_name,
(CASE department_id
WHEN
(SELECT department_id FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1800)
THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END) location
FROM employees;

三. 多行子查询

3.1 多行比较操作符

3.2 代码示例

# ANY / ALL:
# 返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、
# 姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		);

# 返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、
# 姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		);

#MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的

#题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id
#MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。
#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
			SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			FROM(
				SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
				) t_dept_avg_sal
			);

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(	
			SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			)

四. 相关子查询：

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询，通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表，并进行了条件关联，因此每执行一次外部查询，子查询都要重新计算一次，这样的子查询就称之为关联子查询

#题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#方式1：使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		);

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

# 查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
	 SELECT department_name
	 FROM departments d
	 WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
	) ASC;

#结论：在SELECT中，除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！

SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ... (LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ....ON 多表的连接条件
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ... ON ....
WHERE 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....

#题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，
#输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT *
FROM job_history;

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
	    SELECT COUNT(*)
	    FROM job_history j
	    WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id`
		)

五. EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS

#查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息
#方式1：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

#方式2：子查询
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);

#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
	       SELECT *
	       FROM employees e2
	       WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
	     );

#查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
#方式1：
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式2：
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e
		WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
		);

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments;