数据结构和算法(栈和队列)

本文详细介绍了栈的数据结构,包括其定义、特点、顺序存储和链式存储方式,以及栈在二进制数转换、逆波兰计算器和中缀表达式转换中的应用。通过具体的代码示例,展示了栈的操作如创建、入栈、出栈、销毁等。

栈的定义:

线性表的一种特殊具体形式,具有后进先出的特点,它要求只在表尾进行删除和插入操作

栈的插入和删除操作

栈的插入操作(Push),叫做进栈

栈的删除操作(Pop),叫做出栈

栈的顺序存储结构:

定义:

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *base;    //指向栈底的指针变量
    ElemType *top;     //指向栈顶的指针变量
    int stackSize;     //栈的当前可使用的最大容量
}sqStack;

创建一个栈:

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 100

initStack(sqStack *s)
{
    s->base = (ElemType *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(ElemType));
    if(!s->base)
    {
        exit(0);
    }
    s->top = s->base;    //最开始,栈顶就是栈底
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

入栈操作:

#define SATCKINCREMENT 10

Push(sqStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    //如果栈满,追加空间
    if(s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize)
    {
        s->base = (ElemType *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(ElemType));
        if(!s->base)
        {
            exit(0);
        }
        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;                 //设置栈顶
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;    //设置栈的最大容量
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

出栈操作:

Pop(sqStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    if(s->top == s->base)    //栈已空空如也
    {
        return;
    }
    *e = *--(s->top);
}

栈的其他操作

清空一个栈:

ClearStack(sqStack *s)
{
    s->top = s->base;    //数据存在,无法找到
}

销毁一个栈:

DestroyStack(sqStack *s)
{
    int i, len;
    len = s->stackSize;
    for(i=0 ; i<len ; i++)
    {
        free(s->base);
        s->base++;
    }
    s->base = s->top = NULL;
    s->stackSize = 0;
}

计算栈的当前容量:

int StackLen(sqStack s)
{
    return(s.top - s.base);
}

实例:将二进制数转化为十进制数

/*将二进制数转化为十进制数*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 20
#define STACKINCREMENT  10

typedef char ElemType;

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *base;
    ElemType *top;
    int stackSize;
}sqStack;

/*初始化栈*/
void InitStack(sqStack *s)
{
    s->base = (ElemType *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(ElemType));
    if( !s->base )
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

/*入栈*/
void Push(sqStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    if( s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize)       //栈满,追加空间
    {
        s->base = (ElemType*)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(ElemType));
        if(!s->base)
        {
            exit(0);
        }
        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;                //设置栈顶
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;   //设置栈的最大容量
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

/*出栈*/
void Pop(sqStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    if(s->top == s->base)
    {
        return;
    }

    *e = *--(s->top);
}

/*计算栈的当前容量*/
int StackLen(sqStack s)
{
    return(s.top - s.base);
}

int main(void)
{
    ElemType c;
    sqStack s;
    int len, i, sum = 0;

    InitStack(&s);

    printf("Please enter binary number, enter # to end:\n");
    scanf("%c", &c);
    while( c != '#')
    {
        Push(&s, c);
        scanf("%c", &c);
    }

    getchar();      //在使用char类型时,换行同样是字符,需要从缓冲区去掉

    len = StackLen(s);
    printf("The current capacity of the stack is %d\n", len);

    for(i=0 ; i<len ; i++)
    {
        Pop(&s, &c);
        sum = sum + (c-48) * pow(2, i);
    }

    printf("The result is %d\n", sum);

    return 0;
}

将二进制转化为八进制数(用两个栈)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 20
#define STACKINCREMENT 10

typedef char ElemType;

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *top;
    ElemType *base;
    int stackSize;
}spStack;

/*初始化栈*/
void InitStack(spStack *s)
{
    s->base = (ElemType *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(ElemType));
    if( !s->base )
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

/*入栈*/
void Push(spStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    if(s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize)
    {
        s->base = (ElemType *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(ElemType));
        if( !s->base )
        {
            exit(0);
        }
        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

/*出栈*/
void Pop(spStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    if(s->top == s->base)
    {
        return;
    }
    *e = *--(s->top);
}

/*计算栈的当前容量*/
int Stacklen(spStack s)
{
    return (s.top - s.base);
}

int main()
{
    ElemType c;
    spStack s1, s2;
    int len, i, j, sum;

    InitStack(&s1);
    InitStack(&s2);

    printf("Please enter binary number, enter # to end:\n");
    scanf("%c", &c);
    while( c != '#' )
    {

        Push(&s1, c);
        scanf("%c", &c);
    }

    getchar();

    len = Stacklen(s1);
    printf("The current capacity of the stack is %d\n", len);

    for(i=0 ; i<len ; i+=3)
    {
        sum = 0;

        for(j=0 ; j<3 ; j++)
        {
            Pop(&s1, &c);
            sum = sum + (c-48) * pow(2, j);

            if(s1.base == s1.top)
            {
                break;
            }
        }
        Push(&s2, sum+48);
    }

    printf("\nThe octal number of this number is:\n");
    while(s2.base != s2.top)
    {
        Pop(&s2, &c);
        printf("%c", c);
    }
    printf("(O)\n");

    return 0;
}

将二进制转化为十六进制数(用两个栈)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 20
#define STACKINCREMENT 10

typedef char ElemType;

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *top;
    ElemType *base;
    int stackSize;
}sqStack;

void InitStack(sqStack *s)
{
    s->base = (ElemType *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(ElemType));

    if( !s->base )
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

void Push(sqStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    if(s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize)
    {
        s->base = (ElemType *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(ElemType));

        if( !s->base )
        {
            exit(0);
        }

        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

void Pop(sqStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    if(s->top == s->base)
    {
        return;
    }

    *e = *--(s->top);
}

int StackLen(sqStack s)
{
    return (s.top - s.base);
}

int main(void)
{
    sqStack s1, s2;
    ElemType c;
    int len, i, j, sum;

    InitStack(&s1);
    InitStack(&s2);

    printf("Please enter binary number, enter # to end:\n");
    scanf("%c", &c);

    while(c != '#')
    {
        Push(&s1, c);
        scanf("%c", &c);
    }

    getchar();

    len = StackLen(s1);

    for(i=0 ; i<len ; i+=4)
    {
        sum = 0;
        for(j=0 ; j<4 ; j++)
        {
            Pop(&s1, &c);
            sum = sum + (c-48) * pow(2, j);

            if(s1.top == s1.base)
            {
                break;
            }
        }

        switch(sum)
        {
        case 10:
            sum = 'A';
            break;
        case 11:
            sum = 'B';
            break;
        case 12:
            sum = 'C';
            break;
        case 13:
            sum = 'D';
            break;
        case 14:
            sum = 'E';
            break;
        case 15:
            sum = 'F';
            break;
        default:
            sum = sum + 48;
        }
        Push(&s2, sum);
    }

    printf("\nThe hexadecimal number of this number is:\n");
    while( s2.base != s2.top )
    {
        Pop(&s2, &c);
        printf("%c", c);
    }
    printf("(H)\n");

    return 0;
}

栈的链式存储:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ERROR 0
#define OK 1

typedef int Status;
typedef int ElemType;


/*栈的链式存储结构*/

typedef struct StackNode
{
    ElemType data;          //存放栈的数据
    struct StackNode *next;
}StackNode, *LinkStackPtr;

typedef struct LinkStack
{
    LinkStackPtr top;       //top指针
    int count;              //栈元素计数器
}

/*进栈操作*/

Status Push(LinkStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    LinkStackPtr p = (LinkStackPtr)malloc(sizeof(StackNode));
    p->data = e;
    p->next = s->top;
    s->top = p;
    s->count++;
    return OK;
}

/*判断是否为空栈*/
Status StackEmpty(LinkStack *s)
{
    if(s->count == 0)
    {
        return OK;
    }
    else
    {
        return ERROR;
    }
}

/*出栈操作*/

Status Pop(LinkStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    LinkStackPtr p;

    if(StackEmpty(*s))
    {
        return ERROR;
    }

    *e = s->top->data;
    p = s->top;
    s->top = s->top->next;
    free(p);
    s->count--;
    return OK;
}




逆波兰计算器

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 10
#define STACKINCREMENT 10
#define MAXBUFFER 10

typedef double ElemType;

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *base;
    ElemType *top;
    int stackSize;
}sqStack;

/*初始化栈*/
void InitStack(sqStack *s)
{
    s->base = (ElemType *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(ElemType));       //以base指针动态分配10个double类型的内存空间

    if(!s->base)
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

void Push(sqStack *s, ElemType e)
{
    if( s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize )
    {
        s->base = (ElemType *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(ElemType));

        if(!s->base)
        {
            exit(0);
        }

        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

void Pop(sqStack *s, ElemType *e)
{
    if( s->top == s->base )
    {
        return;
    }

    *e = *--(s->top);
}

int StackLen(sqStack s)
{
    return (s.top - s.base);
}

int main(void)
{
    sqStack s;
    char c;
    int i = 0;
    ElemType d, e;
    char str[MAXBUFFER];

    InitStack(&s);

    printf("Please enter a value, each value is separated by a space, and enter # to end:\n");
    scanf("%c", &c);

    while( c != '#')
    {
        while( isdigit(c) || c == '.')
        {
            str[i] = c;
            i++;
            str[i] = '\0';

            if(i >= 10)
            {
                printf("Error: The value entered is too large!\n");
                return -1;
            }

            scanf("%c", &c);
            if( c == ' ' )
            {
                d = atof(str);
                Push(&s, d);
                i = 0;
                break;
            }
        }

        switch( c )
        {
        case '+':
            Pop(&s, &e);
            Pop(&s, &d);
            Push(&s, d+e);
            break;
        case '-':
            Pop(&s, &e);
            Pop(&s, &d);
            Push(&s, d-e);
            break;
        case '*':
            Pop(&s, &e);
            Pop(&s, &d);
            Push(&s, d*e);
            break;
        case '/':
            Pop(&s, &e);
            Pop(&s, &d);
            if( e != 0)
            {
                Push(&s, d/e);
            }
            else
            {
                printf("Error: Divisor is 0!\n");
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        }

        scanf("%c", &c);
    }

    Pop(&s, &d);
    printf("The result is %f\n", d);

    return 0;
}

计算器(包括中缀表达式转换成后缀表达式并进行计算):

/*主函数*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "calculate.h"
#include "polan.h"

#define MAXBUFFER 50

int main(void)
{
    culStack s;
    Stack r;
    char c, d;
    double e, f;
    char str[MAXBUFFER];
    char strg[MAXBUFFER];
    int i = 0, j = 0;

    CulInitStack(&s);

    printf("Please enter an expression and enter # to end:\n");
    scanf("%c", &c);

    while('#' != c)
    {
        while(isdigit(c) || '.' == c)
        {
            str[i++] = c;
            scanf("%c", &c);
        }

        if(')' == c)
        {
            CulPop(&s, &d);
            while('(' != d)
            {
                str[i++] = ' ';
                str[i++] = d;
                CulPop(&s, &d);
            }
        }
        else if('+' == c || '-' == c)
        {
            if(!CulStackLen(s))
            {
                CulPush(&s, c);
            }
            else
            {
                do
                {
                    CulPop(&s, &d);
                    if('(' == d)
                    {
                        CulPush(&s, d);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        str[i++] = ' ';
                        str[i++] = d;
                    }
                }while(CulStackLen(s) && '(' != d);
                CulPush(&s, c);
            }
        }
        else if('*' == c || '/' == c || '(' == c)
        {
            CulPush(&s, c);
        }
        else if('#' == c)
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Error: Illegal input!\n");
        }
        str[i++] = ' ';
        scanf("%c", &c);
    }

    while(CulStackLen(s))
    {
        CulPop(&s, &d);
        str[i++] = ' ';
        str[i++] = d;
    }
    str[i] = '\0';

    i = 0;
    while('\0' != str[i])
    {
        printf("%c", str[i]);
        i++;
    }
    printf("\n");

    InitStack(&r);
    i = 0;

    while('\0' != str[i])
    {
        while(isdigit(str[i]) || '.' == str[i])
        {
            strg[j++] = str[i++];
            strg[j] = '\0';
            if( j >= MAXBUFFER)
            {
                printf("Error: The single data entered is too large!\n");
                return -1;
            }
            if(' ' == str[i])
            {
                e = atof(strg);
                Push(&r, e);
                j = 0;
                i++;
                break;
            }
        }

        switch( str[i] )
        {
        case '+':
            Pop(&r, &f);
            Pop(&r, &e);
            Push(&r, e+f);
            i++;
            break;
        case '-':
            Pop(&r, &f);
            Pop(&r, &e);
            Push(&r, e-f);
            i++;
            break;
        case '*':
            Pop(&r, &f);
            Pop(&r, &e);
            Push(&r, e*f);
            i++;
            break;
        case '/':
            Pop(&r, &f);
            Pop(&r, &e);
            if( f != 0)
            {
                Push(&r, e/f);
                i++;
            }
            else
            {
                printf("Error: Divisor is 0!\n");
                return -1;
            }
            break;
        case ' ':
            i++;
            break;
        default:
            break;
        }
    }

    Pop(&r, &e);
    printf("\nThe final calculation result is: %f\n", e);

    return 0;
}

/*中缀转后缀用栈*/
//#include "calculate.h"
#include <stdio.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 20
#define STACKINCREMENT 10

typedef struct
{
    char *base;
    char *top;
    int stackSize;
}culStack;

void CulInitStack(culStack *s)
{
    s->base = (char *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(char));

    if(!s->base)
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

void CulPush(culStack *s, char d)
{
    if(s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize)
    {
        s->base = (char *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(char));

        if(!s->base)
        {
            exit(0);
        }

        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;
    }

    *(s->top) = d;
    s->top++;
}

void CulPop(culStack *s, char *d)
{
    if(s->top == s->base)
    {
        return;
    }
    *d = *--(s->top);
}

int CulStackLen(culStack s)
{
    return (s.top - s.base);
}

/*逆波兰计算器用栈*/
//#include "polan.h"
#include <stdio.h>

#define STACK_INIT_SIZE 20
#define STACKINCREMENT 10

typedef struct
{
    double *base;
    double *top;
    int stackSize;
}Stack;

void InitStack(Stack *s)
{
    s->base = (double *)malloc(STACK_INIT_SIZE * sizeof(double));       //以base指针动态分配10个类型的内存空间

    if(!s->base)
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    s->top = s->base;
    s->stackSize = STACK_INIT_SIZE;
}

void Push(Stack *s, double e)
{
    if( s->top - s->base >= s->stackSize )
    {
        s->base = (double *)realloc(s->base, (s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT) * sizeof(double));

        if(!s->base)
        {
            exit(0);
        }

        s->top = s->base + s->stackSize;
        s->stackSize = s->stackSize + STACKINCREMENT;
    }

    *(s->top) = e;
    s->top++;
}

void Pop(Stack *s, double *e)
{
    if( s->top == s->base )
    {
        return;
    }

    *e = *--(s->top);
}

int StackLen(Stack s)
{
    return (s.top - s.base);
}

队列:只允许在一端进行插入操作,而在另一端进行删除操作的线性表(输入缓冲区)

队列的链式存储结构:

typedef struct QNode
{
    ElemType data;
    struct QNode *next;
}QNode, *QueuePrt;

typedef struct 
{
    QueuePrt front, rear;    //队头、队尾指针
}LinkQueue;

创建一个队列:

1.创建一个头结点

2.将队列的头指针和尾指针都指向生成的头结点

initQueue(LinkQueue *q)
{
    q->front = q->rear = (QueuePtr)malloc(sizeof(QNode));
    if( !q->front )
    {
        exit(0);
    }
    q->front->next = NULL;
}

入队列操作:

InsertQueue(LinkQueue *q, ElemType e)
{
    QueuePtr p;

    p = (QueuePtr)malloc(sizeof(QNode));

    if( p == NULL )
    {
        exit(0);
    }
    p->data = e;
    p->next = q->rear->next;
    q->rear->next = p;
    q->rear = p;
}

出队列操作

void DeleteQueue(LinkQueue *q, ElemType *e)
{
    QueuePtr p;

    if(q->front == q->rear)
    {
        return;
    }
    p = q->front->next;
    *e = p->data;
    q->front->next = p->next;
    if( q->rear == p )
    {
        q->rear = q->front;
    }
    free(p);
}

销毁队列操作

void DestroyQueue(LinkQueue *q)
{
    while( q->front )
    {
        q->rear = q->front->next;
        free(q->front);
        q->front = q->rear;
    }
}

输入字符并使之顺序输出:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef char ElemType;

typedef struct QNode
{
    ElemType data;
    struct QNode *next;
}QNode, *QueuePtr;

typedef struct
{
    QueuePtr front, rear;    //队首、队尾指针
}LinkQueue;

void InitQueue(LinkQueue *q)
{
    q->front = q->rear = (QueuePtr)malloc(sizeof(QNode));
    if( !q->front )
    {
        exit(0);
    }
    q->rear->next = NULL;
}

void InsertQueue(LinkQueue *q, ElemType e)
{
    QueuePtr p;

    p = (QueuePtr)malloc(sizeof(QNode));

    if( p == NULL )
    {
        exit(0);
    }
    p->data = e;
    p->next = q->rear->next;
    q->rear->next = p;
    q->rear = p;
}

void DeleteQueue(LinkQueue *q, ElemType *e)
{
    QueuePtr p;

    if(q->front == q->rear)
    {
        return;
    }
    p = q->front->next;
    *e = p->data;
    q->front->next = p->next;
    if( q->rear == p )
    {
        q->rear = q->front;
    }
    free(p);
}

void DestroyQueue(LinkQueue *q)
{
    while( q->front )
    {
        q->rear = q->front->next;
        free(q->front);
        q->front = q->rear;
    }
}

void TreverseQueue(LinkQueue *q)
{
    QueuePtr p;

    p = q->front->next;
    printf("\nThe queue:\n");
    while( p->next != NULL )
    {
        printf("%c", p->data);
        p = p->next;
    }
    printf("%c\n", p->data);
}

int main(void)
{
    LinkQueue q;
    int x;
    char c;

    printf("This is a program of a linked queue\n");
    printf("\n1.InitQueue     2.InsertQueue     3.DeleteQueue     4.DestroyQueue    0.exit\n");

    while( 1 )
    {
        printf("Please enter the number to choose the operation:\n");
        scanf("%d", &x);

        switch ( x )
        {
            case 1:
                InitQueue(&q);
                break;
            case 2:
                printf("Please enter the string, and enter # to end:\n");
                fflush(stdin);      //不清除缓存会将enter作为第一个字符录入
                scanf("%c", &c);

                while( '#' != c )
                {
                    InsertQueue(&q, c);
                    scanf("%c", &c);
                }
                TreverseQueue(&q);
                break;
            case 3:
                DeleteQueue(&q, &c);
                printf("The deleted data is %c\n", c);
                TreverseQueue(&q);
                break;
            case 4:
                DestroyQueue(&q);
                /*
                if( !q->front )
                {
                    printf("Operation success!\n");
                }
                else
                {
                    printf("Operation failed!\n");
                }
                */
                break;
            case 0:
                exit(0);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

队列的顺序存储结构

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define QueueSize 20

typedef char ElemType;

typedef struct
{
    ElemType *base;               //用于存放内存分配基地址
    //ElemType qa[QueueSize];       //上述情况的数组存放形式

    int front;
    int rear;
}CycleQueue;

void InitArrayQueue(CycleQueue *q)
{
    q->base = (ElemType *)malloc( QueueSize * sizeof(ElemType));

    if( !q->base )
    {
        exit(0);
    }

    q->front = q->rear = 0;
}

void InsertArrayQueue(CycleQueue *q, ElemType e)
{
    if( q->rear == q->front )
    {
        printf("The queue is full!\n");
        return;
    }

    q->base[q->rear] = e;
    q->rear = (q->rear+1) % QueueSize;
}

void DeleteArrayQueue(CycleQueue *q, ElemType *e)
{
    if( q->front == q->rear )
    {
        printf("The queue is empty!\n");
        return;
    }
    *e = q->base[q->front];
    q->front = (q->front+1) % QueueSize;
}



 

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