requests的用法详情

# coding=utf-8

import requests
import json
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
#print(response.text)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.cookies)
print(type(response.cookies))

#各种请求
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

#基本get请求
#1.
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)


#2.
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=dahua&age=18')
print(response.text)

#3.
data = {
    'name':'dahua',
    'age':18
}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data)
print(response.text)

#4.json解析
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(type(response.json()))
print(response.json())
print(type(response.text))
print(json.loads(response.text))




#5.读取二进制数据

response = requests.get('https://github.com/favicon.ico')
print(type(response.text),type(response.content))
print(response.text,response.content)


#6.添加请求头
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.119 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers)
print(response.text)

 
#7-1.POST请求

data = {
    'name':'dahua',
    'age':18
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',params=data)
print(response.text)

#7-2.POST请求头

headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.119 Safari/537.36'
}
data = {
    'name':'dahua',
    'age':18
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',params=data,headers=headers)
print(response.text)


#8.response属性
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
print(type(response.history),response.history)

#9.状态码的判断
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/404.html')
# 使用request内置的字母判断状态码

if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
    print('404')

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
    print('200')

requests内置的状态字符
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
      'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),



#10.文件上传
files = {
    'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)
response.text


#11.获取cookies
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key,'=======',value)

#12.会话维持

#12-1.普通请求
import requests
requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
#打印
#{
#  "cookies": {}   原因:没有把两次请求进行关联
#}  http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456  set设置cookie {'number','123456'}


#12-2.会话维持请求
import requests
session = requests.session()
session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456')
response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

证书验证
无证书访问
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
# 在请求https时，request会进行证书的验证，如果验证失败则会抛出异常
print(response.status_code)
关闭证书验证
import requests

# 关闭验证，但是仍然会报出证书警告
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

消除关闭证书验证的警告
from requests.packages import urllib3

urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

手动设置证书
import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)

代理设置
设置普通代理
import requests

proxies = {
    "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
    "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

设置带有用户名和密码的代理
import requests

proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

设置socks代理
安装socks模块
pip3
install
'requests[socks]'

import requests

proxies = {
    'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
    'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
超时设置
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

try:
    # 设置必须在500ms内收到响应，不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')

认证设置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
# r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)
异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException

try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
    print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
    print('Error')