一.Service的启动方法有startService和bindService两种
startService()和bindService()区别(参考http://yulincqupt.iteye.com/blog/1697501)
1. 生命周期：
startService()方式启动，Service是通过接受Intent并且会经历onCreate()和onStart()。当用户在发出意图使之销毁时会经历onDestroy()，而bindService()方式启动，与Activity绑定的时候，会经历onCreate()和onBind()，而当Activity被销毁的时候，Service会先调用onUnbind()然后是onDestroy()。
2. 控制方式：
前者的控制方式需要使用固定的方法，对Service进行单一的操作。而后者由于与Activity绑定，不用考虑其生命周期问题，并且从发送Intent的被动操作，变为可以主动对Service对象进行操作，我们甚至可以建立一个Handler类，对Service进行相关的操作。大大加强了Service的灵活性、可操作性。
总结：对于简单的应用startService()启动方式能带来更少的代码，简单的操作。对于复杂的应用bindService()方式，虽然带来的更多的编码，但同时也带来了更好的可操作性，使其使用起来更像Activity。
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Service的生命周期方法比Activity少一些，只有onCreate, onStart, onDestroy 我们有两种方式启动一个Service,他们对Service生命周期的影响是不一样的。
1 通过startService
Service会经历 onCreate --> onStart
stopService的时候直接onDestroy
如果是 调用者 直接退出而没有调用stopService的话，Service会一直在后台运行。
下次调用者再起来仍然可以stopService。
2 通过bindService
Service只会运行onCreate， 这个时候 调用者和Service绑定在一起
调用者退出了，Srevice就会调用onUnbind-->onDestroyed
所谓绑定在一起就共存亡了。
注意：Service的onCreate的方法只会被调用一次，
就是你无论多少次的startService又 bindService，Service只被创建一次。
如果先是bind了，那么start的时候就直接运行Service的onStart方法，
如果先是start，那么bind的时候就直接运行onBind方法。如果你先bind上了，就stop不掉了，
只能先UnbindService, 再StopService,所以是先start还是先bind行为是有区别的。
Android中的服务和windows中的服务是类似的东西，服务一般没有用户操作界面，它运行于系统中不容易被用户发觉，可以使用它开发如监控之类的程序。
服务不能自己运行，需要通过调用Context.startService()或Context.bindService()方法启动服务。
这两个方法都可以启动Service，但是它们的使用场合有所不同。使用startService()方法启用服务，调用者与服务之间没有关连，
即使调用者退出了，服务仍然运行。使用bindService()方法启用服务，调用者与服务绑定在了一起，调用者一旦退出，服务也就终止，大有“不求同时生，必须同时死”的特点。
如果打算采用Context.startService()方法启动服务，在服务未被创建时，系统会先调用服务的onCreate()方法，
接着调用onStart()方法。如果调用startService()方法前服务已经被创建，多次调用startService()方法并不会导致多次创建服务，
但会导致多次调用onStart()方法。采用startService()方法启动的服务，只能调用Context.stopService()方法结束服务，服务结束时会调用onDestroy()方法。
如果打算采用Context.bindService()方法启动服务，在服务未被创建时，系统会先调用服务的onCreate()方法，
接着调用onBind()方法。这个时候调用者和服务绑定在一起，调用者退出了，系统就会先调用服务的onUnbind()方法，
接着调用onDestroy()方法。如果调用bindService()方法前服务已经被绑定，
多次调用bindService()方法并不会导致多次创建服务及绑定(也就是说onCreate()和onBind()方法并不会被多次调用)。
如果调用者希望与正在绑定的服务解除绑定，可以调用unbindService()方法，调用该方法也会导致系统调用服务的onUnbind()-->onDestroy()方法.
通过Context.startService()方法启动可以在后台看到服务，而通过Context.bindService()方法启动在后台看不到服务，我的测试手机5.0系统。
我们可以通过同事使用startService()和bindService()，这样service就会一直存在且交互也会更方便；我们也可以通过startService()和广播的方式进行交互。因为只要使用了bindService，不管之后是否解绑和停止服务，都可以调用服务中的方法，及时在unBind之后service也没有被销毁，不会被系统回收，这样就可以一直使用servic中的方法了。
小结：开启服务有三种情况(包括同是使用：startService()和bindService())：如果直接使用服务，则没有必要进行绑定，但是如果要使用服务里面的方法，则要进行绑定。另外，只要使用了bindService，不管之后是否解绑和停止服务，都可以调用服务中的方法
下面是我们在使用bindService()的flag标记，一般情况下我们都使用BIND_AUTO_CREATE；
BIND_AUTO_CREATE：表示当收到绑定请求时，如果服务尚未创建，则即刻创建，在系统内存不足，需要先销毁优先级组件来释放内存，且只有驻留该服务的进程成为被销毁对象时，服务才可被销毁；Service的绑定次数很多，当其中一个接触绑定后如果不想停止Service使用此标识
BIND_DEBUG_UNBIND：通常用于调试场景中判断绑定的服务是否正确，但其会引起内存泄漏，因此非调试目的不建议使用，不会去执行生命周期方法
BIND_NOT_FOREGROUND：表示系统将阻止驻留该服务的进程具有前台优先级，仅在后台运行
二.Service的工作过程
1.service的启动过程(startService)
(1)启动过程从ContextWrapper的startService开始
@Override
public ComponentName startService(Intent service) {
return mBase.startService(service);
}mBase的类型还是ContextImpl，在讲解Activity的时候提到了Activity被创建的时候是通过attach方法将一个ContextImpl对象关联起来的，也就是mBase。
(2)下面继续看ContextImpl的startService方法的实现
@Override
public ComponentName startService(Intent service) {
warnIfCallingFromSystemProcess();
return startServiceCommon(service, mUser);
}
private ComponentName startServiceCommon(Intent service, UserHandle user) {
try {
validateServiceIntent(service);
service.prepareToLeaveProcess();
ComponentName cn = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().startService(
mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), service, service.resolveTypeIfNeeded(
getContentResolver()), getOpPackageName(), user.getIdentifier());
if (cn != null) {
if (cn.getPackageName().equals("!")) {
throw new SecurityException(
"Not allowed to start service " + service
+ " without permission " + cn.getClassName());
} else if (cn.getPackageName().equals("!!")) {
throw new SecurityException(
"Unable to start service " + service
+ ": " + cn.getClassName());
}
}
return cn;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failure from system", e);
}
}(3)ActivityMnanagerService的startService方法实现如下
@Override
public ComponentName startService(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service,
String resolvedType, String callingPackage, int userId)
throws TransactionTooLargeException {
enforceNotIsolatedCaller("startService");
// Refuse possible leaked file descriptors
if (service != null && service.hasFileDescriptors() == true) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("File descriptors passed in Intent");
}
if (callingPackage == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("callingPackage cannot be null");
}
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE,
"startService: " + service + " type=" + resolvedType);
synchronized(this) {
final int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
ComponentName res = mServices.startServiceLocked(caller, service,
resolvedType, callingPid, callingUid, callingPackage, userId);
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
return res;
}
}代码中可以看出，调用了mServices.startServiceLocked方法，其中mServices的类型是ActiveServices
(4)ActiveServices中startServiceLocked方法代码如下，在尾部调用了startServiceInnerLocked方法。
ComponentName startServiceLocked(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service, String resolvedType,
int callingPid, int callingUid, String callingPackage, int userId)
throws TransactionTooLargeException {
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "startService: " + service
+ " type=" + resolvedType + " args=" + service.getExtras());
final boolean callerFg;
if (caller != null) {
final ProcessRecord callerApp = mAm.getRecordForAppLocked(caller);
if (callerApp == null) {
throw new SecurityException(
"Unable to find app for caller " + caller
+ " (pid=" + Binder.getCallingPid()
+ ") when starting service " + service);
}
callerFg = callerApp.setSchedGroup != Process.THREAD_GROUP_BG_NONINTERACTIVE;
} else {
callerFg = true;
}
ServiceLookupResult res =
retrieveServiceLocked(service, resolvedType, callingPackage,
callingPid, callingUid, userId, true, callerFg);
if (res == null) {
return null;
}
if (res.record == null) {
return new ComponentName("!", res.permission != null
? res.permission : "private to package");
}
ServiceRecord r = res.record;
if (!mAm.getUserManagerLocked().exists(r.userId)) {
Slog.d(TAG, "Trying to start service with non-existent user! " + r.userId);
return null;
}
NeededUriGrants neededGrants = mAm.checkGrantUriPermissionFromIntentLocked(
callingUid, r.packageName, service, service.getFlags(), null, r.userId);
if (unscheduleServiceRestartLocked(r, callingUid, false)) {
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "START SERVICE WHILE RESTART PENDING: " + r);
}
r.lastActivity = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
r.startRequested = true;
r.delayedStop = false;
r.pendingStarts.add(new ServiceRecord.StartItem(r, false, r.makeNextStartId(),
service, neededGrants));
final ServiceMap smap = getServiceMap(r.userId);
boolean addToStarting = false;
if (!callerFg && r.app == null && mAm.mStartedUsers.get(r.userId) != null) {
ProcessRecord proc = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(r.processName, r.appInfo.uid, false);
if (proc == null || proc.curProcState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_RECEIVER) {
// If this is not coming from a foreground caller, then we may want
// to delay the start if there are already other background services
// that are starting. This is to avoid process start spam when lots
// of applications are all handling things like connectivity broadcasts.
// We only do this for cached processes, because otherwise an application
// can have assumptions about calling startService() for a service to run
// in its own process, and for that process to not be killed before the
// service is started. This is especially the case for receivers, which
// may start a service in onReceive() to do some additional work and have
// initialized some global state as part of that.
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Potential start delay of "
+ r + " in " + proc);
if (r.delayed) {
// This service is already scheduled for a delayed start; just leave
// it still waiting.
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Continuing to delay: " + r);
return r.name;
}
if (smap.mStartingBackground.size() >= mMaxStartingBackground) {
// Something else is starting, delay!
Slog.i(TAG_SERVICE, "Delaying start of: " + r);
smap.mDelayedStartList.add(r);
r.delayed = true;
return r.name;
}
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Not delaying: " + r);
addToStarting = true;
} else if (proc.curProcState >= ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE) {
// We slightly loosen when we will enqueue this new service as a background
// starting service we are waiting for, to also include processes that are
// currently running other services or receivers.
addToStarting = true;
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE,
"Not delaying, but counting as bg: " + r);
} else if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(128);
sb.append("Not potential delay (state=").append(proc.curProcState)
.append(' ').append(proc.adjType);
String reason = proc.makeAdjReason();
if (reason != null) {
sb.append(' ');
sb.append(reason);
}
sb.append("): ");
sb.append(r.toString());
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, sb.toString());
}
} else if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) {
if (callerFg) {
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Not potential delay (callerFg=" + callerFg + " uid="
+ callingUid + " pid=" + callingPid + "): " + r);
} else if (r.app != null) {
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Not potential delay (cur app=" + r.app + "): " + r);
} else {
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE,
"Not potential delay (user " + r.userId + " not started): " + r);
}
}
return startServiceInnerLocked(smap, service, r, callerFg, addToStarting);
}
ComponentName startServiceInnerLocked(ServiceMap smap, Intent service, ServiceRecord r,
boolean callerFg, boolean addToStarting) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
ProcessStats.ServiceState stracker = r.getTracker();
if (stracker != null) {
stracker.setStarted(true, mAm.mProcessStats.getMemFactorLocked(), r.lastActivity);
}
r.callStart = false;
synchronized (r.stats.getBatteryStats()) {
r.stats.startRunningLocked();
}
String error = bringUpServiceLocked(r, service.getFlags(), callerFg, false);
if (error != null) {
return new ComponentName("!!", error);
}
if (r.startRequested && addToStarting) {
boolean first = smap.mStartingBackground.size() == 0;
smap.mStartingBackground.add(r);
r.startingBgTimeout = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + BG_START_TIMEOUT;
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_SERVICE) {
RuntimeException here = new RuntimeException("here");
here.fillInStackTrace();
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Starting background (first=" + first + "): " + r, here);
} else if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) {
Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Starting background (first=" + first + "): " + r);
}
if (first) {
smap.rescheduleDelayedStarts();
}
} else if (callerFg) {
smap.ensureNotStartingBackground(r);
}
return r.name;
}然后把启动service的工作交给了bringUpServiceLocked，bringUpServiceLocked代码如下：
private final String bringUpServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, int intentFlags, boolean execInFg,
boolean whileRestarting) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
......
if (!isolated) {
app = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(procName, r.appInfo.uid, false);
if (DEBUG_MU) Slog.v(TAG_MU, "bringUpServiceLocked: appInfo.uid=" + r.appInfo.uid
+ " app=" + app);
if (app != null && app.thread != null) {
try {
app.addPackage(r.appInfo.packageName, r.appInfo.versionCode, mAm.mProcessStats);
realStartServiceLocked(r, app, execInFg);
return null;
} catch (TransactionTooLargeException e) {
throw e;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Exception when starting service " + r.shortName, e);
}
// If a dead object exception was thrown -- fall through to
// restart the application.
}
} else {
.....
}
.....
return null;
}和分析Activity一样，realStartServiceLocked才是真正开启service的地方
(5)realStartServiceLocked的实现方式如下：
private final void realStartServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r,
ProcessRecord app, boolean execInFg) throws RemoteException {
if (app.thread == null) {
throw new RemoteException();
}
if (DEBUG_MU)
Slog.v(TAG_MU, "realStartServiceLocked, ServiceRecord.uid = " + r.appInfo.uid
+ ", ProcessRecord.uid = " + app.uid);
r.app = app;
r.restartTime = r.lastActivity = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
final boolean newService = app.services.add(r);
bumpServiceExecutingLocked(r, execInFg, "create");
mAm.updateLruProcessLocked(app, false, null);
mAm.updateOomAdjLocked();
boolean created = false;
try {
if (LOG_SERVICE_START_STOP) {
String nameTerm;
int lastPeriod = r.shortName.lastIndexOf('.');
nameTerm = lastPeriod >= 0 ? r.shortName.substring(lastPeriod) : r.shortName;
EventLogTags.writeAmCreateService(
r.userId, System.identityHashCode(r), nameTerm, r.app.uid, r.app.pid);
}
synchronized (r.stats.getBatteryStats()) {
r.stats.startLaunchedLocked();
}
mAm.ensurePackageDexOpt(r.serviceInfo.packageName);
app.forceProcessStateUpTo(ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE);
app.thread.scheduleCreateService(r, r.serviceInfo,
mAm.compatibilityInfoForPackageLocked(r.serviceInfo.applicationInfo),
app.repProcState);
r.postNotification();
created = true;
} catch (DeadObjectException e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Application dead when creating service " + r);
mAm.appDiedLocked(app);
throw e;
} finally {
if (!created) {
// Keep the executeNesting count accurate.
final boolean inDestroying = mDestroyingServices.contains(r);
serviceDoneExecutingLocked(r, inDestroying, inDestroying);
// Cleanup.
if (newService) {
app.services.remove(r);
r.app = null;
}
// Retry.
if (!inDestroying) {
scheduleServiceRestartLocked(r, false);
}
}
}
requestServiceBindingsLocked(r, execInFg);
updateServiceClientActivitiesLocked(app, null, true);
// If the service is in the started state, and there are no
// pending arguments, then fake up one so its onStartCommand() will
// be called.
if (r.startRequested && r.callStart && r.pendingStarts.size() == 0) {
r.pendingStarts.add(new ServiceRecord.StartItem(r, false, r.makeNextStartId(),
null, null));
}
sendServiceArgsLocked(r, execInFg, true);
if (r.delayed) {
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "REM FR DELAY LIST (new proc): " + r);
getServiceMap(r.userId).mDelayedStartList.remove(r);
r.delayed = false;
}
if (r.delayedStop) {
// Oh and hey we've already been asked to stop!
r.delayedStop = false;
if (r.startRequested) {
if (DEBUG_DELAYED_STARTS) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE,
"Applying delayed stop (from start): " + r);
stopServiceLocked(r);
}
}
}通过app.thread.scheduleCreateService来创建service并调用onCreat方法，sendServiceArgsLocked是调用service的 onStartCommand方法的，具体调用过程如下：
public final void scheduleCreateService(IBinder token,
ServiceInfo info, CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, int processState) {
updateProcessState(processState, false);
CreateServiceData s = new CreateServiceData();
s.token = token;
s.info = info;
s.compatInfo = compatInfo;
sendMessage(H.CREATE_SERVICE, s);
}private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
// If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well
// we are back active so skip it.
unscheduleGcIdler();
LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
Service service = null;
try {
java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
try {
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name);
ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
context.setOuterContext(service);
Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault());
service.onCreate();
mServices.put(data.token, service);
try {
ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting(
data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_ANON, 0, 0);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
// nothing to do.
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to create service " + data.info.name
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}首先通过LoadApk的类加载器创建Service的实例；
然后创建Application对象，并调用onCreat方法，和Activity的创建一样，当然Application只能创建一次
接着将创建的ContextImpl对象通过Service的attach方法，将二者建立起联系，和Activity的一样
最后调用onCreat方法：service.onCreate();由此service便启动了。
最后说说onStartCommand的调用：
private final void sendServiceArgsLocked(ServiceRecord r, boolean execInFg,
boolean oomAdjusted) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
......
while (r.pendingStarts.size() > 0) {
Exception caughtException = null;
ServiceRecord.StartItem si;
try {
......
r.app.thread.scheduleServiceArgs(r, si.taskRemoved, si.id, flags, si.intent);
} catch (TransactionTooLargeException e) {
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Transaction too large: intent="
+ si.intent);
caughtException = e;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
// Remote process gone... we'll let the normal cleanup take care of this.
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Crashed while sending args: " + r);
caughtException = e;
} catch (Exception e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Unexpected exception", e);
caughtException = e;
}
......
}
}方法中通过r.app.thread.scheduleServiceArgs调用ApplicationThread中的 scheduleServiceArgs方法，同样是handler发送消息进行处理的，可自己去查看。
2.service的绑定过程(bindService)
过程和startService类似，只是增加ServiceConnection和flags，ServiceConnection是绑定成功后用于通知客户端已经绑定service成功的回调，且ServiceConnection中的方法是在主线程中被回调的。
3.service的隐式启动，在我们尝试使用隐式的方式开启服务的时候，通常会报出异常：大致是不能使用隐式的意图去开启一个服务，那么我们怎么解决这个问题呢，在网上找到一个方法：
public Intent createExplicitFromImplicitIntent(Context context, Intent implicitIntent) {
// Retrieve all services that can match the given intent
PackageManager pm = context.getPackageManager();
List<ResolveInfo> resolveInfo = pm.queryIntentServices(implicitIntent, 0);
// Make sure only one match was found
if (resolveInfo == null || resolveInfo.size() != 1) {
return null;
}
// Get component info and create ComponentName
ResolveInfo serviceInfo = resolveInfo.get(0);
String packageName = serviceInfo.serviceInfo.packageName;
String className = serviceInfo.serviceInfo.name;
ComponentName component = new ComponentName(packageName, className);
// Create a new intent. Use the old one for extras and such reuse
Intent explicitIntent = new Intent(implicitIntent);
// Set the component to be explicit
explicitIntent.setComponent(component);
return explicitIntent;
}其实就是将隐式开启的方式改为了显示的开启。
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