Android 6.0 运行时权限

本文介绍了Android 6.0及更高版本中运行时权限的管理,包括何时需要考虑运行时权限,正常权限和危险权限的区别,以及如何在代码中进行权限申请,附带详细的代码示例。

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什么时候需要考虑运行时权限

运行时权限是Android6.0推出的安全机制,当你的app运行在 Android 6.0 及以上设备上,使用危险权限(下面介绍)的时候。
既targetSdkVersion >= 23(关于targetSdkVersion可以看看http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/qq_27280457/article/details/53541033)

如果你的app应用到运行时权限且targetSdkVersion >= 23在6.0以上手机上面就会闪退

Android 6.0系统默认为targetSdkVersion小于23的应用默认授予了所申请的所有权限,所以如果您APP设置的targetSdkVersion低于23,
在运行时也不会崩溃。(运行在6.0手机上面还是可以在设置里面禁止权限,然后相关功能不能使用;运行在6.0以下手机只有把程序卸掉才能禁止
相关权限)

正常权限和危险权限、权限组

正常权限涵盖应用需要访问其沙盒外部数据或资源,但对用户隐私或其他应用操作风险很小的区域。
危险权限涵盖应用需要涉及用户隐私信息的数据或资源,或者可能对用户存储的数据或其他应用的操作产生影响的区域。
所有危险的 Android 系统权限都属于权限组(系统只告诉用户应用需要的权限组,而不告知具体权限。)

1.正常权限:
ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY
ACCESS_WIFI_STATE
BLUETOOTH
BLUETOOTH_ADMIN
BROADCAST_STICKY
CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE
CHANGE_WIFI_STATE
DISABLE_KEYGUARD
EXPAND_STATUS_BAR
GET_PACKAGE_SIZE
INSTALL_SHORTCUT
INTERNET
KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES
MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS
NFC
READ_SYNC_SETTINGS
READ_SYNC_STATS
RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED
REORDER_TASKS
REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS
REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES
SET_ALARM
SET_TIME_ZONE
SET_WALLPAPER
SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS
TRANSMIT_IR
UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT
USE_FINGERPRINT
VIBRATE
WAKE_LOCK
WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS

2.危险权限和权限组



权限的申请(代码注释很详细,直接上代码了)

package com.example.mypermissionsdemo;

import android.Manifest;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AlertDialog;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.Toast;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Created by sdh on 2017/6/23.
 */
public class PermissionUtils{

    private static final String TAG = PermissionUtils.class.getSimpleName();
    public static final int CODE_RECORD_AUDIO = 0;
    public static final int CODE_GET_ACCOUNTS = 1;
    public static final int CODE_READ_PHONE_STATE = 2;
    public static final int CODE_CALL_PHONE = 3;
    public static final int CODE_CAMERA = 4;
    public static final int CODE_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION = 5;
    public static final int CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION = 6;
    public static final int CODE_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE = 7;
    public static final int CODE_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE = 8;
    public static final int CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION = 100;

    public static final String PERMISSION_RECORD_AUDIO = Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO;
    public static final String PERMISSION_GET_ACCOUNTS = Manifest.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS;
    public static final String PERMISSION_READ_PHONE_STATE = Manifest.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE;
    public static final String PERMISSION_CALL_PHONE = Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE;
    public static final String PERMISSION_CAMERA = Manifest.permission.CAMERA;
    public static final String PERMISSION_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION = Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION;
    public static final String PERMISSION_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION = Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION;
    public static final String PERMISSION_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE = Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE;
    public static final String PERMISSION_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE = Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE;

    /**
     * 权限
     */
    private static final String[] requestPermissions = {
            //麦克风权限
            PERMISSION_RECORD_AUDIO,
            //通讯录权限
            PERMISSION_GET_ACCOUNTS,
            //电话权限
            PERMISSION_READ_PHONE_STATE,
            PERMISSION_CALL_PHONE,
            //相机权限
            PERMISSION_CAMERA,
            //位置权限
            PERMISSION_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
            PERMISSION_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION,
            //存储权限
            PERMISSION_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,
            PERMISSION_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
    };

    /**
     * 权限申请接口的回调方法 每次都会回调这个方法
     * @param requestCode 请求码
     * @param permissions 权限
     * @param grantResults 结果
     */



    /**
     * 权限申请的回调
     */
    interface PermissionGrant {
        void onPermissionGranted(int requestCode);
    }

    /**
     * 申请单个权限的方法
     * @param activity 传入的activity
     * @param requestCode 请求码 比如申请 CAMERA权限,你可以传入 PermissionUtils.CODE_CAMERA
     */
    public static void requestPermission(final Activity activity, final int requestCode, PermissionGrant permissionGrant) {
        if (activity == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (requestCode < 0 || requestCode >= requestPermissions.length) {
            return;
        }
        final String requestPermission = requestPermissions[requestCode];
        //如果是6.0以下的手机,ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission()会始终等于PERMISSION_GRANTED,
        // 但是,如果用户关闭了你申请的权限,ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(),会导致程序崩溃(java.lang.RuntimeException: Unknown exception code: 1 msg null),
        // 你可以使用try{}catch(){},处理异常,也可以判断系统版本,低于23就不申请权限,直接做你想做的。permissionGrant.onPermissionGranted(requestCode);
//        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 23) {
//            permissionGrant.onPermissionGranted(requestCode);
//            return;
//        }

        int checkSelfPermission;
        try {
            checkSelfPermission = ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(activity, requestPermission);
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            Toast.makeText(activity, "please open this permission", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
                    .show();
            return;
        }

        if (checkSelfPermission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {

            if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(activity, requestPermission)) {
                //如果拒绝过一次
                shouldShowRationale(activity, requestCode, requestPermission);

            } else {
                ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity, new String[]{requestPermission}, requestCode);
            }

        } else {
            Toast.makeText(activity, "opened:" + requestPermissions[requestCode], Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            permissionGrant.onPermissionGranted(requestCode);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 多次请求结果的处理
     * @param activity 传入的activity
     * @param permissions 权限
     * @param grantResults 结果
     * @param permissionGrant 监听
     */

    private static void requestMultiResult(Activity activity, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults, PermissionGrant permissionGrant) {
        if (activity == null) {
            return;
        }
        Map<String, Integer> perms = new HashMap<>();
        ArrayList<String> notGranted = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < permissions.length; i++) {
            perms.put(permissions[i], grantResults[i]);
            if (grantResults[i] != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                notGranted.add(permissions[i]);
            }
        }
        //所有的权限都通过了
        if (notGranted.size() == 0) {
            Toast.makeText(activity, "权限开通成功" + notGranted, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
                    .show();
            permissionGrant.onPermissionGranted(CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION);
        } else {//打开设置页面
            openSettingActivity(activity, "需要打开权限才能正常使用");
        }

    }


    /**
     * 一次申请多个权限
     */
    public static void requestMultiPermissions(final Activity activity, PermissionGrant grant) {
        //获取还没有获取的权限
        final List<String> permissionsList = getNoGrantedPermission(activity, false);
        //获取应该获取的权限
        final List<String> shouldRationalePermissionsList = getNoGrantedPermission(activity, true);

        if (permissionsList == null || shouldRationalePermissionsList == null) {
            return;
        }
        //打开权限申请  传入权限数组和请求码
        if (permissionsList.size() > 0) {
            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity, permissionsList.toArray(new String[permissionsList.size()]),
                    CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION);

        } else if (shouldRationalePermissionsList.size() > 0) {
            showMessageOKCancel(activity, "打开设置,进行授权",
                    new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                        @Override
                        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity, shouldRationalePermissionsList.toArray(new String[shouldRationalePermissionsList.size()]),
                                    CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION);
                        }
                    });
        } else {
            grant.onPermissionGranted(CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION);
        }

    }


    private static void shouldShowRationale(final Activity activity, final int requestCode, final String requestPermission) {
        //TODO  拒绝一次后的弹框  这个可以定制
        String[] permissionsHint = activity.getResources().getStringArray(R.array.permissions);
        showMessageOKCancel(activity, "Rationale: " + permissionsHint[requestCode], new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(activity,
                        new String[]{requestPermission},
                        requestCode);

            }
        });
    }

    /**
     * 弹出框  可以自己定制  权限授权不可以定制样式
     * @param context 传入的activity
     * @param message 提示语
     * @param okListener 确定的点击监听事件
     */
    private static void showMessageOKCancel(final Activity context, String message, DialogInterface.OnClickListener okListener) {
        new AlertDialog.Builder(context)
                .setMessage(message)
                .setPositiveButton("确定", okListener)
                .setNegativeButton("取消", null)//TODO 如果app一定需要权限  这里可以关闭app
                .create()
                .show();

    }

    /**
     * @param activity 传入的activity
     * @param requestCode  请求返回结果处理
     * @param permissions 权限
     * @param grantResults 结果
     */
    public static void requestPermissionsResult(final Activity activity, final int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,
                                                @NonNull int[] grantResults, PermissionGrant permissionGrant) {
        if (activity == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (requestCode == CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION) {
            requestMultiResult(activity, permissions, grantResults, permissionGrant);
            return;
        }

        if (requestCode < 0 || requestCode >= requestPermissions.length) {
            Toast.makeText(activity, "illegal requestCode:" + requestCode, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            return;
        }
        if (grantResults.length == 1 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            permissionGrant.onPermissionGranted(requestCode);

        } else {
            String[] permissionsHint = activity.getResources().getStringArray(R.array.permissions);
            openSettingActivity(activity, "Result" + permissionsHint[requestCode]);
        }

    }

    /**
     * 打开app的设置
     * @param activity 传入的activity
     * @param message 携带的message
     */
    private static void openSettingActivity(final Activity activity, String message) {

        showMessageOKCancel(activity, message, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                Intent intent = new Intent();
                intent.setAction(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);
                Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", activity.getPackageName(), null);
                intent.setData(uri);
                activity.startActivity(intent);
            }
        });
    }


    /**
     * @param activity 传入context
     * @param isShouldRationale fale:获取没有获取(也没有被拒绝过) true:拒绝的权限
     *  检测是否有这个权限和是否应该去申请这个权限
     * @return
     */
    public static ArrayList<String> getNoGrantedPermission(Activity activity, boolean isShouldRationale) {
        ArrayList<String> permissions = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < requestPermissions.length; i++) {
            String requestPermission = requestPermissions[i];
            //TODO checkSelfPermission
            int checkSelfPermission = -1;
            try {
                //检查应用是否拥有该权限,被授权返回值为PERMISSION_GRANTED,否则返回PERMISSION_DENIED
                checkSelfPermission = ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(activity, requestPermission);
            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                return null;
            }
            //如果没有获取权限
            if (checkSelfPermission != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                //如果应用之前请求过此权限但用户拒绝了请求,此方法将返回 true。
                //注:如果用户在过去拒绝了权限请求,并在权限请求系统对话框中选择了 Don’t ask again 选项,此方法将返回 false。
                //如果设备规范禁止应用具有该权限,此方法也会返回 false。
                if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(activity, requestPermission)) {
                    if (isShouldRationale) {
                        permissions.add(requestPermission);
                    }

                } else {

                    if (!isShouldRationale) {
                        permissions.add(requestPermission);
                    }
                }

            }
        }

        return permissions;
    }

}

package com.example.mypermissionsdemo;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements ActivityCompat.OnRequestPermissionsResultCallback {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        initData();
    }

    /**
     * 一般此处的逻辑代码放在app的启动页面,市面的大多app也是这种做法
     * app启动的时候先让用户给app授权  部分授权的话跳到设置页面继续授权,授权成功
     * 正常启动页面,授权失败的话关闭app
     */
    private void initData() {
        PermissionUtils.requestPermission(this, PermissionUtils.CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION,mPermissionGrant);
    }

    /**
     * 每次权限申请都会回调这个方法
     * @param requestCode 请求码
     * @param permissions 权限
     * @param grantResults 请求结果
     */
    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
        PermissionUtils.requestPermissionsResult(this, requestCode, permissions, grantResults, mPermissionGrant);

    }
    //权限被拒绝后的回调
    private PermissionUtils.PermissionGrant mPermissionGrant = new PermissionUtils.PermissionGrant() {
        @Override
        public void onPermissionGranted(int requestCode) {
            switch (requestCode) {
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_RECORD_AUDIO:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_RECORD_AUDIO", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_GET_ACCOUNTS:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_GET_ACCOUNTS", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_READ_PHONE_STATE:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_READ_PHONE_STATE", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_CALL_PHONE:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_CALL_PHONE", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_CAMERA:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_CAMERA", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Result Permission Grant CODE_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                case PermissionUtils.CODE_MULTI_PERMISSION:
                    Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "所有的权限都被授权了", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
    };
}

DEMO:http://download.youkuaiyun.com/download/qq_27280457/9878685

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