自动化测试工具,支持多种浏览器。
爬虫中主要用来解决JavaScript渲染的问题
基本使用
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
browser = webdriver.Chrome()#声明浏览器驱动对象
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('kw')#找出id为kw的元素
input.send_keys('Python')#向元素发送键(输入Python)
input.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)#敲入回车
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)#等待某个元素加载
wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'content_left')))#等待id为content_left的加载
print(browser.current_url)#url
print(browser.get_cookies())#cookie
print(browser.page_source)#源代码
finally:
browser.close()#关闭浏览器
访问页面
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(browser.page_source)
browser.close()
查找元素
单个元素
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')#选择id为q的元素
input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')#CSS选择器
input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')
print(input_first, input_second, input_third)
browser.close()
三个方法结果相同
运行结果:
DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:62613/devtools/browser/9a25c43c-bb60-4b55-b700-08c5e74b550b
[17960:16432:0122/105950.881:ERROR:platform_sensor_reader_win.cc(242)] NOT IMPLEMENTED<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c36131e3480d4711ff6228da50f8ae63", element="0.3627113174529024-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c36131e3480d4711ff6228da50f8ae63", element="0.3627113174529024-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="c36131e3480d4711ff6228da50f8ae63", element="0.3627113174529024-1")>
查找
- find_element_by_name
-
find_element_by_xpath
-
find_element_by_link_text
-
find_element_by_partial_link_text
-
find_element_by_tag_name
-
find_element_by_class_name
-
find_element_by_css_selector
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element(By.ID, 'q')
print(input_first)
browser.close()
运行结果:
DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:63006/devtools/browser/bc649a28-0a25-44c2-91d7-4426a5008b83
[2984:16044:0122/110826.883:ERROR:platform_sensor_reader_win.cc(242)] NOT IMPLEMENTED<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="a8f5c3cacd91715717b10f8bcf934066", element="0.4840171640554687-1")>
多个元素
找出所有service-bd li标签,用列表形式呈现
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
lis = browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('.service-bd li')#与单个元素的区别:elements
#方法二:lis = browser.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.service-bd li')
print(lis)
browser.close()
运行结果:
DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:63386/devtools/browser/86b8540a-df38-459d-ab48-064d79e27fa0
[13076:13288:0122/111756.383:ERROR:platform_sensor_reader_win.cc(242)] NOT IMPLEMENTED[<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-1")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-2")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-3")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-4")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-5")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-6")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-7")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-8")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-9")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-10")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-11")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-12")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-13")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-14")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-15")>, <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="45e8e2c9e0702d4e4a3e15bb198f5121", element="0.8684254903715036-16")>]
选择方法:
- find_elements_by_name
-
find_elements_by_xpath
-
find_elements_by_link_text
-
find_elements_by_partial_link_text
-
find_elements_by_tag_name
-
find_elements_by_class_name
-
find_elements_by_css_selector
元素交互操作
对获取的元素调用交互方法
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.bilibili.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('search-keyword')
input.send_keys('iPhone')
time.sleep(1)
input.clear()
input.send_keys('iPad')
button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('search-submit')
button.click()
交互动作
将动作附加到动作链中串行执行
模拟拖拽动作
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')#切换到里层的iframe
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')#被拖拽元素
target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')#拖拽目标
actions = ActionChains(browser)#声明动作链对象
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)
actions.perform()#执行拖拽动作
更多操作: http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains
执行JavaScript
实现API中没有的动作操作或实现难实现的交互动作
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')
browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')
获取元素信息
获取属性
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.get_attribute('class'))#获取class名
获取文本值
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.text)
获取ID,位置,标签名,大小
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.id)
print(input.location)
print(input.tag_name)
print(input.size)
Frame
在父级的Frame查找子元素的Frame,必须切换到该Frame里
import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
print(source)
try:
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
except NoSuchElementException:
print('NO LOGO')
browser.switch_to.parent_frame()
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.text)
等待
隐式等待
当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候,如果 WebDriver没有在 DOM中找到元素,将继续等待,超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常, 换句话说,当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候,隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找 DOM,默认的时间是0
网速非常慢时可用
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input)
运行结果:
<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="d6934dd4291f6372ee57933dfff55db6", element="0.9859860396136111-1")>
显式等待
添加了等待判断条件,若等待时满足条件则立即返回,若不成立则继续等待直到等待时间结束,超出时间抛出异常
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))
print(input, button)
运行结果:
<selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8", element="0.5642646294074107-1")> <selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement (session="07dd2fbc2d5b1ce40e82b9754aba8fa8", element="0.5642646294074107-2")>
常用判断条件:
- title_is 标题是某内容
-
title_contains 标题包含某内容
-
presence_of_element_located 元素加载出,传入定位元组,如(By.ID, 'p')
-
visibility_of_element_located 元素可见,传入定位元组
-
visibility_of 可见,传入元素对象
-
presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
-
text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
-
text_to_be_present_in_element_value 某个元素值包含某文字
-
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame加载并切换
-
invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
-
element_to_be_clickable 元素可点击
-
staleness_of 判断一个元素是否仍在DOM,可判断页面是否已经刷新
-
element_to_be_selected 元素可选择,传元素对象
-
element_located_to_be_selected 元素可选择,传入定位元组
-
element_selection_state_to_be 传入元素对象以及状态,相等返回True,否则返回False
-
element_located_selection_state_to_be 传入定位元组以及状态,相等返回True,否则返回False
-
alert_is_present 是否出现Alert
详细内容:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions
前进后退
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.back()
time.sleep(1)
browser.forward()
browser.close()
Cookies
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.add_cookie({'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies())
选项卡管理
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('window.open()')#打开新选项卡
print(browser.window_handles)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])#切换到第二个选项卡
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
time.sleep(1)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])#切换到第一个选项卡
browser.get('https://python.org')
异常处理
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
except TimeoutException:
print('Time Out')
try:
browser.find_element_by_id('hello')#寻找不存在的标签
except NoSuchElementException:
print('No Element')
finally:
browser.close()
运行结果:
No Element
详细文档:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions