推荐七款常用的Python数据可视化模块，数据可视化的福利

数据可视化的库有挺多的，这里推荐几个比较常用的：

Matplotlib

Plotly

Seaborn

Ggplot

Bokeh

Pyechart

Pygal

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Plotly

plotly 文档地址（https://plot.ly/python/#financial-charts）

使用方式：

plotly 有 online 和 offline 两种方式，这里只介绍 offline 的。

这是 plotly 官方教程的一部分

import plotly.plotly as py

import numpy as np

data = [dict(

visible=False,

line=dict(color=’#00CED1’, width=6), # 配置线宽和颜色

name=’ = ’ + str(step),

x=np.arange(0, 10, 0.01), # x 轴参数

y=np.sin(step * np.arange(0, 10, 0.01))) for step in np.arange(0, 5, 0.1)] # y 轴参数

data[10][‘visible’] = True

py.iplot(data, filename=‘Single Sine Wave’)

只要将最后一行中的

py.iplot

替换为下面代码

py.offline.plot

便可以运行。

漏斗图

这个图代码太长了，就不 po 出来了。

Basic Box Plot

好吧，不知道怎么翻译，直接用原名。

import plotly.plotly

import plotly.graph_objs as go

import numpy as np

y0 = np.random.randn(50)-1

y1 = np.random.randn(50)+1

trace0 = go.Box(

y=y0

)

trace1 = go.Box(

y=y1

)

data = [trace0, trace1]

plotly.offline.plot(data)

Wind Rose Chart

好吧，不知道怎么翻译，直接用原名。

import plotly.graph_objs as go

trace1 = go.Barpolar(

r=[77.5, 72.5, 70.0, 45.0, 22.5, 42.5, 40.0, 62.5],

text=[‘North’, ‘N-E’, ‘East’, ‘S-E’, ‘South’, ‘S-W’, ‘West’, ‘N-W’],

name=‘11-14 m/s’,

marker=dict(

color=‘rgb(106,81,163)’

)

)

trace2 = go.Barpolar(

r=[57.49999999999999, 50.0, 45.0, 35.0, 20.0, 22.5, 37.5, 55.00000000000001],

text=[‘North’, ‘N-E’, ‘East’, ‘S-E’, ‘South’, ‘S-W’, ‘West’, ‘N-W’], # 鼠标浮动标签文字描述

name=‘8-11 m/s’,

marker=dict(

color=‘rgb(158,154,200)’

)

)

trace3 = go.Barpolar(

r=[40.0, 30.0, 30.0, 35.0, 7.5, 7.5, 32.5, 40.0],

text=[‘North’, ‘N-E’, ‘East’, ‘S-E’, ‘South’, ‘S-W’, ‘West’, ‘N-W’],

name=‘5-8 m/s’,

marker=dict(

color=‘rgb(203,201,226)’

)

)

trace4 = go.Barpolar(

r=[20.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, 2.5, 2.5, 12.5, 22.5],

text=[‘North’, ‘N-E’, ‘East’, ‘S-E’, ‘South’, ‘S-W’, ‘West’, ‘N-W’],

name=’

marker=dict(

color=‘rgb(242,240,247)’

)

)

data = [trace1, trace2, trace3, trace4]

layout = go.Layout(

title=‘Wind Speed Distribution in Laurel, NE’,

font=dict(

size=16

),

legend=dict(

font=dict(

size=16

)

),

radialaxis=dict(

ticksuffix=’%’

),

orientation=270

)

fig = go.Figure(data=data, layout=layout)

plotly.offline.plot(fig, filename=‘polar-area-chart’)

Basic Ternary Plot with Markers

篇幅有点长，这里就不 po 代码了。

Bokeh

这里展示一下常用的图表和比较抢眼的图表，详细的文档可查看（https://bokeh.pydata.org/en/latest/docs/user_guide/categorical.html）

条形图

这配色看着还挺舒服的，比 pyecharts 条形图的配色好看一点。

条形图

from bokeh.io import show, output_file

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource

from bokeh.palettes import Spectral6

from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file(“colormapped_bars.html”)# 配置输出文件名

fruits = [‘Apples’, ‘魅族’, ‘OPPO’, ‘VIVO’, ‘小米’, ‘华为’] # 数据

counts = [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6] # 数据

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(fruits=fruits, counts=counts, color=Spectral6))

p = figure(x_range=fruits, y_range=(0,9), plot_height=250, title=“Fruit Counts”,

toolbar_location=None, tools="")# 条形图配置项

p.vbar(x=‘fruits’, top=‘counts’, width=0.9, color=‘color’, legend=“fruits”, source=source)

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None # 配置网格线颜色

p.legend.orientation = “horizontal” # 图表方向为水平方向

p.legend.location = “top_center”

show§ # 展示图表

年度条形图

可以对比不同时间点的量。

年度条形图

from bokeh.io import show, output_file

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource, FactorRange

from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file(“bars.html”) # 输出文件名

fruits = [‘Apple’, ‘魅族’, ‘OPPO’, ‘VIVO’, ‘小米’, ‘华为’] # 参数

years = [‘2015’, ‘2016’, ‘2017’] # 参数

data = {‘fruits’: fruits,

‘2015’: [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],

‘2016’: [5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 6],

‘2017’: [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

x = [(fruit, year) for fruit in fruits for year in years]

counts = sum(zip(data[‘2015’], data[‘2016’], data[‘2017’]), ())

source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(x=x, counts=counts))

p = figure(x_range=FactorRange(*x), plot_height=250, title=“Fruit Counts by Year”,

toolbar_location=None, tools="")

p.vbar(x=‘x’, top=‘counts’, width=0.9, source=source)

p.y_range.start = 0

p.x_range.range_padding = 0.1

p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = 1

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

show§

饼图

饼图

from collections import Counter

from math import pi

import pandas as pd

from bokeh.io import output_file, show

from bokeh.palettes import Category20c

from bokeh.plotting import figure

from bokeh.transform import cumsum

output_file(“pie.html”)

x = Counter({

‘中国’: 157,

‘美国’: 93,

‘日本’: 89,

‘巴西’: 63,

‘德国’: 44,

‘印度’: 42,

‘意大利’: 40,

‘澳大利亚’: 35,

‘法国’: 31,

‘西班牙’: 29

})

data = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dict(x), orient=‘index’).reset_index().rename(index=str, columns=)

data[‘angle’] = data[‘value’]/sum(x.values()) * 2*pi

data[‘color’] = Category20c[len(x)]

p = figure(plot_height=350, title=“Pie Chart”, toolbar_location=None,

tools=“hover”, tooltips="@country: @value")

p.wedge(x=0, y=1, radius=0.4,

start_angle=cumsum(‘angle’, include_zero=True), end_angle=cumsum(‘angle’),

line_color=“white”, fill_color=‘color’, legend=‘country’, source=data)

p.axis.axis_label=None

p.axis.visible=False

p.grid.grid_line_color = None

show§

条形图

年度水果进出口

from bokeh.io import output_file, show

from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource

from bokeh.palettes import GnBu3, OrRd3

from bokeh.plotting import figure

output_file(“stacked_split.html”)

fruits = [‘Apples’, ‘Pears’, ‘Nectarines’, ‘Plums’, ‘Grapes’, ‘Strawberries’]

years = [“2015”, “2016”, “2017”]

exports = {‘fruits’: fruits,

‘2015’: [2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4],

‘2016’: [5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6],

‘2017’: [3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3]}

imports = {‘fruits’: fruits,

‘2015’: [-1, 0, -1, -3, -2, -1],

‘2016’: [-2, -1, -3, -1, -2, -2],

‘2017’: [-1, -2, -1, 0, -2, -2]}

p = figure(y_range=fruits, plot_height=250, x_range=(-16, 16), title=“Fruit import/export, by year”,

toolbar_location=None)

p.hbar_stack(years, y=‘fruits’, height=0.9, color=GnBu3, source=ColumnDataSource(exports),

legend=["%s exports" % x for x in years])

p.hbar_stack(years, y=‘fruits’, height=0.9, color=OrRd3, source=ColumnDataSource(imports),

legend=["%s imports" % x for x in years])

p.y_range.range_padding = 0.1

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None

p.legend.location = “top_left”

p.axis.minor_tick_line_color = None

p.outline_line_color = None

show§

散点图

散点图

from bokeh.plotting import figure, output_file, show

output_file(“line.html”)

p = figure(plot_width=400, plot_height=400)

p.circle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 2, 4, 5], size=20, color=“navy”, alpha=0.5)

show§

六边形图

这两天，马蜂窝刚被发现数据造假，这不，与马蜂窝应应景。

六边形图

import numpy as np

from bokeh.io import output_file, show

from bokeh.plotting import figure

from bokeh.util.hex import axial_to_cartesian

output_file(“hex_coords.html”)

q = np.array([0, 0, 0, -1, -1, 1, 1])

r = np.array([0, -1, 1, 0, 1, -1, 0])

p = figure(plot_width=400, plot_height=400, toolbar_location=None) #

p.grid.visible = False # 配置网格是否可见

p.hex_tile(q, r, size=1, fill_color=[“firebrick”] * 3 + [“navy”] * 4,

line_color=“white”, alpha=0.5)

x, y = axial_to_cartesian(q, r, 1, “pointytop”)

p.text(x, y, text=["(%d, %d)" % (q, r) for (q, r) in zip(q, r)],

text_baseline=“middle”, text_align=“center”)

show§

环比条形图

这个实现挺厉害的，看了一眼就吸引了我。我在代码中都做了一些注释，希望对你理解有帮助。注：圆心为正中央，即直角坐标系中标签为（0，0）的地方。

环比条形图

from collections import OrderedDict

from math import log, sqrt

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

from six.moves import cStringIO as StringIO

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show, output_file

antibiotics = “”"

bacteria, penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, gram

结核分枝杆菌, 800, 5, 2, negative

沙门氏菌, 10, 0.8, 0.09, negative

变形杆菌, 3, 0.1, 0.1, negative

肺炎克雷伯氏菌, 850, 1.2, 1, negative

布鲁氏菌, 1, 2, 0.02, negative

铜绿假单胞菌, 850, 2, 0.4, negative

大肠杆菌, 100, 0.4, 0.1, negative

产气杆菌, 870, 1, 1.6, negative

白色葡萄球菌, 0.007, 0.1, 0.001, positive

溶血性链球菌, 0.001, 14, 10, positive

草绿色链球菌, 0.005, 10, 40, positive

肺炎双球菌, 0.005, 11, 10, positive

“”"

drug_color = OrderedDict([# 配置中间标签名称与颜色

(“盘尼西林”, “#0d3362”),

(“链霉素”, “#c64737”),

(“新霉素”, “black”),

])

gram_color = {

“positive”: “#aeaeb8”,

“negative”: “#e69584”,

}

读取数据

df = pd.read_csv(StringIO(antibiotics),

skiprows=1,

skipinitialspace=True,

engine=‘python’)

width = 800

height = 800

inner_radius = 90

outer_radius = 300 - 10

minr = sqrt(log(.001 * 1E4))

maxr = sqrt(log(1000 * 1E4))

a = (outer_radius - inner_radius) / (minr - maxr)

b = inner_radius - a * maxr

def rad(mic):

return a * np.sqrt(np.log(mic * 1E4)) + b

big_angle = 2.0 * np.pi / (len(df) + 1)

small_angle = big_angle / 7

整体配置

p = figure(plot_width=width, plot_height=height, title="",

x_axis_type=None, y_axis_type=None,

x_range=(-420, 420), y_range=(-420, 420),

min_border=0, outline_line_color=“black”,

background_fill_color="#f0e1d2")

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None

annular wedges

angles = np.pi / 2 - big_angle / 2 - df.index.to_series() * big_angle #计算角度

colors = [gram_color[gram] for gram in df.gram] # 配置颜色

p.annular_wedge(

0, 0, inner_radius, outer_radius, -big_angle + angles, angles, color=colors,

)

small wedges

p.annular_wedge(0, 0, inner_radius, rad(df.penicillin),

-big_angle + angles + 5 * small_angle, -big_angle + angles + 6 * small_angle,

color=drug_color[‘盘尼西林’])

p.annular_wedge(0, 0, inner_radius, rad(df.streptomycin),

-big_angle + angles + 3 * small_angle, -big_angle + angles + 4 * small_angle,

color=drug_color[‘链霉素’])

p.annular_wedge(0, 0, inner_radius, rad(df.neomycin),

-big_angle + angles + 1 * small_angle, -big_angle + angles + 2 * small_angle,

color=drug_color[‘新霉素’])

绘制大圆和标签

labels = np.power(10.0, np.arange(-3, 4))

radii = a * np.sqrt(np.log(labels * 1E4)) + b

p.circle(0, 0, radius=radii, fill_color=None, line_color=“white”)

p.text(0, radii[:-1], [str® for r in labels[:-1]],

text_font_size=“8pt”, text_align=“center”, text_baseline=“middle”)

半径

p.annular_wedge(0, 0, inner_radius - 10, outer_radius + 10,

-big_angle + angles, -big_angle + angles, color=“black”)

细菌标签

xr = radii[0] * np.cos(np.array(-big_angle / 2 + angles))

yr = radii[0] * np.sin(np.array(-big_angle / 2 + angles))

label_angle = np.array(-big_angle / 2 + angles)

label_angle[label_angle

绘制各个细菌的名字

p.text(xr, yr, df.bacteria, angle=label_angle,

text_font_size=“9pt”, text_align=“center”, text_baseline=“middle”)

绘制圆形，其中数字分别为 x 轴与 y 轴标签

p.circle([-40, -40], [-370, -390], color=list(gram_color.values()), radius=5)

绘制文字

p.text([-30, -30], [-370, -390], text=[“Gram-” + gr for gr in gram_color.keys()],

text_font_size=“7pt”, text_align=“left”, text_baseline=“middle”)

绘制矩形，中间标签部分。其中 -40，-40，-40 为三个矩形的 x 轴坐标。18，0，-18 为三个矩形的 y 轴坐标

p.rect([-40, -40, -40], [18, 0, -18], width=30, height=13,

color=list(drug_color.values()))

配置中间标签文字、文字大小、文字对齐方式

p.text([-15, -15, -15], [18, 0, -18], text=list(drug_color),

text_font_size=“9pt”, text_align=“left”, text_baseline=“middle”)

output_file(“burtin.html”, title=“burtin.py example”)

show§

元素周期表

元素周期表，这个实现好牛逼啊，距离初三刚开始学化学已经很遥远了，想当年我还是化学课代表呢！由于基本用不到化学了，这里就不实现了。

元素周期表

真实状态

Pyecharts

pyecharts 也是一个比较常用的数据可视化库，用得也是比较多的了，是百度 echarts 库的 python 支持。这里也展示一下常用的图表。文档地址为（http://pyecharts.org/#/zh-cn/prepare?id=%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85-pyecharts）

条形图

条形图

from pyecharts import Bar

bar = Bar(“我的第一个图表”, “这里是副标题”)

bar.add(“服装”, [“衬衫”, “羊毛衫”, “雪纺衫”, “裤子”, “高跟鞋”, “袜子”], [5, 20, 36, 10, 75, 90])

bar.print_echarts_options() # 该行只为了打印配置项，方便调试时使用

bar.render() # 生成本地 HTML 文件

散点图

散点图

from pyecharts import Polar

import random

data_1 = [(10, random.randint(1, 100)) for i in range(300)]

data_2 = [(11, random.randint(1, 100)) for i in range(300)]

polar = Polar(“极坐标系-散点图示例”, width=1200, height=600)

polar.add("", data_1, type=‘scatter’)

polar.add("", data_2, type=‘scatter’)

polar.render()

饼图

饼图

import random

from pyecharts import Pie

attr = [‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘F’]

pie = Pie(“饼图示例”, width=1000, height=600)

pie.add(

“”,

attr,

[random.randint(0, 100) for _ in range(6)],

radius=[50, 55],

center=[25, 50],

is_random=True,

)

pie.add(

“”,

attr,

[random.randint(20, 100) for _ in range(6)],

radius=[0, 45],

center=[25, 50],

rosetype=“area”,

)

pie.add(

“”,

attr,

[random.randint(0, 100) for _ in range(6)],

radius=[50, 55],

center=[65, 50],

is_random=True,

)

pie.add(

“”,

attr,

[random.randint(20, 100) for _ in range(6)],

radius=[0, 45],

center=[65, 50],

rosetype=“radius”,

)

pie.render()

词云

这个是我在前面的文章中用到的图片实例，这里就不 po 具体数据了。

词云

from pyecharts import WordCloud

name = [‘Sam S Club’] # 词条

value = [10000] # 权重

wordcloud = WordCloud(width=1300, height=620)

wordcloud.add("", name, value, word_size_range=[20, 100])

wordcloud.render()

树图

这个是我在前面的文章中用到的图片实例，这里就不 po 具体数据了。

树图

from pyecharts import TreeMap

data = [ # 键值对数据结构

{

value: 1212, # 数值

子节点

children: [

{

子节点数值

value: 2323,

子节点名

name: ‘description of this node’,

children: […],

},

{

value: 4545,

name: ‘description of this node’,

children: [

{

value: 5656,

name: ‘description of this node’,

children: […]

},

…

]

}

]

},

…

]

treemap = TreeMap(title, width=1200, height=600) # 设置标题与宽高

treemap.add(“深圳”, data, is_label_show=True, label_pos=‘inside’, label_text_size=19)

treemap.render()

地图

地图

from pyecharts import Map

value = [155, 10, 66, 78, 33, 80, 190, 53, 49.6]

attr = [

“福建”, “山东”, “北京”, “上海”, “甘肃”, “新疆”, “河南”, “广西”, “西藏”

]

map = Map(“Map 结合 VisualMap 示例”, width=1200, height=600)

map.add(

“”,

attr,

value,

maptype=“china”,

is_visualmap=True,

visual_text_color="#000",

)

map.render()

3D 散点图

from pyecharts import Scatter3D

import random

data = [

[random.randint(0, 100),

random.randint(0, 100),

random.randint(0, 100)] for _ in range(80)

]

range_color = [

‘#313695’, ‘#4575b4’, ‘#74add1’, ‘#abd9e9’, ‘#e0f3f8’, ‘#ffffbf’,

‘#fee090’, ‘#fdae61’, ‘#f46d43’, ‘#d73027’, ‘#a50026’]

scatter3D = Scatter3D(“3D 散点图示例”, width=1200, height=600) # 配置宽高

scatter3D.add("", data, is_visualmap=True, visual_range_color=range_color) # 设置颜色等

scatter3D.render() # 渲染

后记

大概介绍就是这样了，三个库的功能都挺强大的，bokeh 的中文资料会少一点，如果阅读英文有点难度，还是建议使用 pyecharts 就好。总体也不是很难，按照文档来修改数据都能够直接上手使用。主要是多练习。