Shiro简介
Apache Shiro是一个强大且易用的Java安全框架,它可以完成诸如:身份认证、授权、加密、会话管理等功能,并且可以很方便地与Web 集成或者使用缓存。使用Shiro易于理解的API,你可以快速、轻松地获得任何应用程序,从最小的移动应用程序到最大的网络和企业应用程序。
Shiro官网:http://shiro.apache.org/
Shiro的架构
从顶层概念设计层面来看,Shiro架构包含有3个很重要的元素:Subject,SecurityManager 和 Realms。
Subject: Subject 代表了当前执行操作的“用户”,这个用户可以是一个具体的人,也可以是一个第三方服务、一个守护进程、一个Cron定时任务、一个网络爬虫、亦或者是类似这些的与你的应用程序交互的其他任何事物。每一个 Subject 都会绑定一个SecurityManager ,与 Subject 的所有交互最终都会转交给 SecurityManager 来处理;
SecurityManager:安全管理器是Shiro架构的核心,它负责协调 Shiro 内部的其他安全组件一起顺利工作。需要注意的是,虽然在我们的应用程序代码中大部分都是调用的Subject的API,但是后台实际上主要是SecurityManager在完成这些安全操作。
Realm:Shiro 从 Realm 获取安全数据(如用户、角色、权限),就是说 SecurityManager 要进行身份验证(登录)或者授权(访问控制),它需要从 Realm 获取相应用户的安全数据,我们可以把 Realm 看成是存储了用户安全数据的数据源。
下图展示了Shiro内部的详细架构。
Subject (org.apache.shiro.subject.Subject)
代表当前执行操作的“用户”。
SecurityManager (org.apache.shiro.mgt.SecurityManager)
安全管理器是Shiro架构的核心,它负责协调 Shiro 内部的其他安全组件一起顺利工作。
Authenticator (org.apache.shiro.authc.Authenticator)
身份验证/登录,在用户登录时,对用户的身份进行验证。
Authorizer (org.apache.shiro.authz.Authorizer)
授权/访问控制,验证某个已认证的用户是否拥有执行某个操作的权限。
SessionManager (org.apache.shiro.session.mgt.SessionManager)
会话管理,创建和管理用户 session 的生命周期。
CacheManager (org.apache.shiro.cache.CacheManager)
缓存管理,创建和管理缓存实例的生命周期供Shiro其他组件使用,提升性能。
Cryptography (org.apache.shiro.crypto.*)
加密,Shiro提供了一些简单易用的加解密算法。
Realms (org.apache.shiro.realm.Realm)
Shiro 需要从 Realm 获取安全数据(如用户、角色、权限)。
快速开始
在Shiro源码包中有一个快速开始示例。
源码下载:http://archive.apache.org/dist/shiro/
samples/quickstart/src/main/java/Quickstart.java,示例代码如下:
package shiro_test;
import org.apache.shiro.SecurityUtils;
import org.apache.shiro.authc.*;
import org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory;
import org.apache.shiro.mgt.SecurityManager;
import org.apache.shiro.session.Session;
import org.apache.shiro.subject.Subject;
import org.apache.shiro.util.Factory;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class Quickstart {
private static final transient Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Quickstart.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 通过加载 classpath 下的 shiro.ini 文件创建一个 factory,并通过该 factory 来获取一个 SecurityManager 实例
Factory<SecurityManager> factory = new IniSecurityManagerFactory("classpath:shiro.ini");
SecurityManager securityManager = factory.getInstance();
SecurityUtils.setSecurityManager(securityManager);
// 获取当前用户
Subject currentUser = SecurityUtils.getSubject();
// 在 Session 中做一些事情(不需要Web或EJB容器!!!!)
Session session = currentUser.getSession();
session.setAttribute("someKey", "aValue");
String value = (String) session.getAttribute("someKey");
if (value.equals("aValue")) {
log.info("Retrieved the correct value! [" + value + "]");
}
/**
* 登录用户,以便检查用户的角色和权限
*/
// 判断是否已经验证身份,即是否已经登录
if (!currentUser.isAuthenticated()) {
// 将用户名和密码封装成 UsernamePasswordToken 对象
UsernamePasswordToken token = new UsernamePasswordToken("lonestarr", "vespa");
// 记住我
token.setRememberMe(true);
try {
currentUser.login(token);
// 账号不存在
} catch (UnknownAccountException uae) {
log.info("There is no user with username of " + token.getPrincipal());
// 账号与密码不匹配
} catch (IncorrectCredentialsException ice) {
log.info("Password for account " + token.getPrincipal() + " was incorrect!");
// 账号已被锁定
} catch (LockedAccountException lae) {
log.info("The account for username " + token.getPrincipal() + " is locked. "
+ "Please contact your administrator to unlock it.");
}
// 其他身份验证异常
catch (AuthenticationException ae) {
}
}
// 登录成功,打印出用户名
log.info("User [" + currentUser.getPrincipal() + "] logged in successfully.");
// 检查用户的角色
if (currentUser.hasRole("schwartz")) {
log.info("May the Schwartz be with you!");
} else {
log.info("Hello, mere mortal.");
}
// 检查用户的权限(非实例级别)
if (currentUser.isPermitted("lightsaber:wield")) {
log.info("You may use a lightsaber ring. Use it wisely.");
} else {
log.info("Sorry, lightsaber rings are for schwartz masters only.");
}
// 检查用户的权限(实例级别)
if (currentUser.isPermitted("winnebago:drive:eagle5")) {
log.info("You are permitted to 'drive' the winnebago with license plate (id) 'eagle5'. "
+ "Here are the keys - have fun!");
} else {
log.info("Sorry, you aren't allowed to drive the 'eagle5' winnebago!");
}
// 任务完成,退出登录
currentUser.logout();
System.exit(0);
}
}
身份验证相关的异常类的继承关系如下图所示:
示例的 shiro.ini 配置文件内容如下:
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Users and their assigned roles
#
# Each line conforms to the format defined in the
# org.apache.shiro.realm.text.TextConfigurationRealm#setUserDefinitions JavaDoc
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[users]
# user 'root' with password 'secret' and the 'admin' role
root = secret, admin
# user 'guest' with the password 'guest' and the 'guest' role
guest = guest, guest
# user 'presidentskroob' with password '12345' ("That's the same combination on
# my luggage!!!" ;)), and role 'president'
presidentskroob = 12345, president
# user 'darkhelmet' with password 'ludicrousspeed' and roles 'darklord' and 'schwartz'
darkhelmet = ludicrousspeed, darklord, schwartz
# user 'lonestarr' with password 'vespa' and roles 'goodguy' and 'schwartz'
lonestarr = vespa, goodguy, schwartz
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Roles with assigned permissions
#
# Each line conforms to the format defined in the
# org.apache.shiro.realm.text.TextConfigurationRealm#setRoleDefinitions JavaDoc
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[roles]
# 'admin' role has all permissions, indicated by the wildcard '*'
admin = *
# The 'schwartz' role can do anything (*) with any lightsaber:
schwartz = lightsaber:*
# The 'goodguy' role is allowed to 'drive' (action) the winnebago (type) with
# license plate 'eagle5' (instance specific id)
goodguy = winnebago:drive:eagle5
运行示例程序,控制台日志内容如下:
2019-06-27 14:35:34,095 INFO [org.apache.shiro.session.mgt.AbstractValidatingSessionManager] - Enabling session validation scheduler...
2019-06-27 14:35:34,176 INFO [shiro_test.Quickstart] - Retrieved the correct value! [aValue]
2019-06-27 14:35:34,177 INFO [shiro_test.Quickstart] - User [lonestarr] logged in successfully.
2019-06-27 14:35:34,177 INFO [shiro_test.Quickstart] - May the Schwartz be with you!
2019-06-27 14:35:34,178 INFO [shiro_test.Quickstart] - You may use a lightsaber ring. Use it wisely.
2019-06-27 14:35:34,178 INFO [shiro_test.Quickstart] - You are permitted to 'drive' the winnebago with license plate (id) 'eagle5'. Here are the keys - have fun!