进程管理的bash命令——更多bash命令（一）

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/new_start_2018/article/details/103046042

本文介绍了Bash中的进程管理命令，包括使用`ps`查看进程，`top`实时监测进程以及`kill`系列命令结束进程。详细讲解了各命令的参数和用法，如`ps`的-e、-a、-L选项，`top`的系统资源显示，以及`kill`的信号传递。

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一、管理进程

1、ps命令

下面是man手册中的描述，注意：三种风格的参数可以混合使用，但是最好每个参数都用空格隔开，避免不必要的冲突。例如，我可以使用 ps -e l --forest来显示所有进程参数，使用UNIX风格的-e，使用BSD风格的l，以及GNU风格的–forest。

PS(1)                                                                                        User Commands                                                                                       
NAME
       ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.
SYNOPSIS
       ps [options]

DESCRIPTION
       ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.  If you want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use top(1) instead.

       This version of ps accepts several kinds of options:

       1   UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.
       2   BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
       3   GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.

       Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear.  There are some synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to the many standards and ps
       implementations that this ps is compatible with.

ps的常用命令参数举例
- -e 显示所有进程
- -a 显示除控制进程和无终端进程外的所有进程
- -L 显示进程中的线程
- -l 显示UNIX风格的长列表（CMD显示命令缩写）
- l 显示BSD风格的长列表（内容更全，command显示程序实际路径，bash貌似不是）
- -U userlist 或 -g grplist 或 -p pidlist 显示对应列表中的进程
- –forest 会通过折线图的形式展示进程的层级关系
- –info 显示调试信息
- –sort order 按指定的order输出进程信息。
BSD风格长列表中
- F 内核分配给进程的系统标记
- TTY 进程启动时的终端设备
- TIME 运行进程需要的累计CPU时间
- STAT 代表当前进程状态的双字状态码
  - 第一个参数O代表正在运行；S代表休眠；R代表可运行，正在等待；Z代表僵化
  - 第二个参数：< 该进程运行在高优先级上； N 低优先级上；L该进程有页面锁定在内存中；s控制进程；l段线程的；+运行在前台。
  - VSZ 进程在内存中的大小，以KB为单位
  - RSS 进程在未换出时占有的物理内存
  - WCHAN 进程休眠的内核函数地址。
- 下面是使用 ps l --forest展示的内容列表：

F   UID   PID  PPID PRI  NI    VSZ   RSS WCHAN  STAT TTY        TIME COMMAND
0  1000  2941  2933  20   0  19320  4960 do_wai Ss   pts/0      0:00 bash
4  1000  3500  2941  20   0  20120  3176 -      R+   pts/0      0:00  \_ ps l --forest
4  1000  1249  1214  20   0 173872  6040 poll_s Ssl+ tty2       0:00 /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm-x-session --run-script env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu /usr/bin/gnome-session --session=ubuntu
4  1000  1251  1249  20   0 590404 202160 ep_pol Rl+ tty2       1:52  \_ /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg vt2 -displayfd 3 -auth /run/user/1000/gdm/Xauthority -background none -noreset -keeptty -verbose 3
0  1000  1262  1249  20   0 509396 14916 poll_s Sl+  tty2       0:00  \_ /usr/lib/gnome-session/gnome-session-binary --session=ubuntu
0  1000  1398  1262  20   0 2670252 206032 poll_s Sl+ tty2      1:06      \_ /usr/bin/gnome-shell
0  1000  1423  1398  20   0 392528  7760 poll_s Sl   tty2       0:00      |   \_ ibus-daemon --xim --panel disable
0  1000  1427  1423  20   0 244372  6572 poll_s Sl   tty2       0:00      |       \_ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-dconf
0  1000  1428  1423  20   0 295780 25056 poll_s Sl   tty2       0:00      |       \_ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-extension-gtk3
0  1000  1715  1423  20   0 266148 16968 poll_s Sl   tty2       0:00      |       \_ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-engine-libpinyin --ibus
0  1000  1865  1423  20   0 170544  6660 poll_s Sl   tty2       0:00      |       \_ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-engine-simple

UNIX 风格长列表中
+ C 进程生命周期中的CPU利用率
+ STIME 进程启动的系统时间
+ PRI 进程优先级（数字越大，优先级越低）
+ NI 谦让度值，用来参与觉得优先级
+ ADDR 进程的内存地址
+ SZ 加入进程被换出，所需交换空间的大致大小。
下面是使用ps -l -forest展示的内容类别

F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
0 S  1000  2941  2933  0  80   0 -  4830 do_wai pts/0    00:00:00 bash
4 R  1000 15657  2941  0  80   0 -  4985 -      pts/0    00:00:00  \_ ps

2、实时监测进程 top命令

top命令的man页描述：

TOP(1)                                                                                       User Commands                                                                                      
NAME
       top - display Linux processes
SYNOPSIS
       top -hv|-bcEHiOSs1 -d secs -n max -u|U user -p pid -o fld -w [cols]

       The traditional switches '-' and whitespace are optional.
DESCRIPTION
       The  top  program  provides  a  dynamic real-time view of a running system.  It can display system summary information as well as a list of processes or threads currently being managed by the
       Linux kernel.  The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and size of information displayed for processes are all user configurable and that configuration can be  made
       persistent across restarts.

       The program provides a limited interactive interface for process manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal configuration  --  encompassing every aspect of its oper‐
       ation.  And while top is referred to throughout this document, you are free to name the program anything you wish.  That new name, possibly an alias, will then be reflected on  top's  display
       and used when reading and writing a configuration file.

top 命令的显示如下：

top - 14:04:48 up  3:15,  1 user,  load average: 0.01, 0.08, 0.09
Tasks: 217 total,   1 running, 216 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  2.7 us,  1.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 95.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.6 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   3825.5 total,    690.7 free,   1759.4 used,   1375.4 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2017.2 free,     30.8 used.   1101.2 avail Mem 

  PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                                                                
 1251 anfengc+  20   0  596668 194108 166440 S   7.9   5.0   4:52.49 Xorg                                                                                                                                   
 2933 anfengc+  20   0  837576  45400  33000 S   5.6   1.2   0:15.42 gnome-terminal-                                                                                                                        
 1398 anfengc+  20   0 2671608 207820  93140 S   4.0   5.3   4:01.73 gnome-shell                                                                                                                            
 2287 anfengc+  20   0 2019300 356652 203688 S   3.2   9.1  10:22.88 Web Content                                                                                                                            
 2534 anfengc+  20   0 1877372 305232 188408 S   3.2   7.8   2:39.77 Web Content

3、结束进程kill系列命令

kill命令
默认情况下，kill传递TERM信号给列出PID的进程,我们可以通过signal名字或是signal编号来传递对应的信号。
- -l 显示可以kill可以传递的信号列表；
- -s 信号只是个请求，有时候会被忽略，使用此命令参数，强制传递信号。

KILL(1)                                                                                      User Commands                                                                                     

NAME
       kill - send a signal to a process

SYNOPSIS
       kill [options] <pid> [...]

DESCRIPTION
       The  default  signal  for kill is TERM.  Use -l or -L to list available signals.  Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0.  Alternate signals may be specified in
       three ways: -9, -SIGKILL or -KILL.  Negative PID values may be used to choose whole process groups; see the PGID column in ps command output.  A PID of -1 is special; it  indicates  all  pro‐
       cesses except the kill process itself and init.

OPTIONS
       <pid> [...]
              Send signal to every <pid> listed.

       -<signal>
       -s <signal>
       --signal <signal>
              Specify the signal to be sent.  The signal can be specified by using name or number.  The behavior of signals is explained in signal(7) manual page.

       -l, --list [signal]
              List signal names.  This option has optional argument, which will convert signal number to signal name, or other way round.

       -L, --table
              List signal names in a nice table.

       NOTES  Your shell (command line interpreter) may have a built-in kill command.  You may need to run the command described here as /bin/kill to solve the conflict.

EXAMPLES
       kill -9 -1
              Kill all processes you can kill.

       kill -l 11
              Translate number 11 into a signal name.

       kill -L
              List the available signal choices in a nice table.

       kill 123 543 2341 3453
              Send the default signal, SIGTERM, to all those processes.

+killall命令
通过名字对进程发出信号，而进程的名字支持通配符，所以使用时要格外小心。

KILLALL(1)                                                                                   User Commands                                                                                  

NAME
       killall - kill processes by name

SYNOPSIS
       killall [-Z, --context pattern] [-e, --exact] [-g, --process-group] [-i, --interactive] [-n, --ns PID] [-o, --older-than TIME] [-q, --quiet] [-r, --regexp] [-s, --signal SIGNAL, -SIGNAL]
       [-u, --user user] [-v, --verbose] [-w, --wait] [-y, --younger-than TIME] [-I, --ignore-case] [-V, --version] [--] name ...
       killall -l
       killall -V, --version

DESCRIPTION
       killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands.  If no signal name is specified, SIGTERM is sent.

       Signals can be specified either by name (e.g.  -HUP or -SIGHUP) or by number (e.g.  -1) or by option -s.

       If the command name is not regular expression (option -r) and contains a slash (/), processes executing that particular file will be selected for killing, independent of their name.

       killall returns a zero return code if at least one process has been killed for each listed command, or no commands were listed and at least one process matched the -u and -Z search  criteria.
       killall returns non-zero otherwise.

       A killall process never kills itself (but may kill other killall processes).