ubuntu 安装python3.10和对应版本的pip

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本文档介绍了如何在Ubuntu系统中安装Python3.10及其对应的pip。过程中需注意避免因误操作导致系统问题，如安装依赖、添加Python版本库、解决模块缺失错误等。详细步骤包括安装通用依赖、添加Python版本库、安装Python3.10及其依赖、安装pip，并提供了解决No module named 'apt_pkg'和'collections.MutableMapping'错误的方法。

部署运行你感兴趣的模型镜像

装的时候运行了一个apt autoremove python3.6 直接搞崩了系统上不了网了，直接重装了系统，还是要小心啊。
sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop

1. 安装python3.10 及对应的pip

需要注意的是如果直接apt-get install python3-pip的话装的不是对应的3.10版本的，可能会导致多个问题。

1.1安装通用软件依赖

sudo apt install software-properties-common

1.2 添加Ubuntu的python版本所在的库：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa

执行后看一下输出，输出会告诉我们需要做什么：

ltt@ltt-E440:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
 This PPA contains more recent Python versions packaged for Ubuntu.

Disclaimer: there's no guarantee of timely updates in case of security problems or other issues. If you want to use them in a security-or-otherwise-critical environment (say, on a production server), you do so at your own risk.

Update Note
===========
Please use this repository instead of ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes.

Reporting Issues
================

Issues can be reported in the master issue tracker at:
https://github.com/deadsnakes/issues/issues

Supported Ubuntu and Python Versions
====================================

- Ubuntu 18.04 (bionic) Python2.3 - Python 2.6, Python 3.1 - Python 3.5, Python3.7 - Python3.11
- Ubuntu 20.04 (focal) Python3.5 - Python3.7, Python3.9 - Python3.11
- Note: Python2.7 (all), Python 3.6 (bionic), Python 3.8 (focal) are not provided by deadsnakes as upstream ubuntu provides those packages.
- Note: for focal, older python versions require libssl1.0.x so they are not currently built

The packages may also work on other versions of Ubuntu or Debian, but that is not tested or supported.

Packages
========

The packages provided here are loosely based on the debian upstream packages with some modifications to make them more usable as non-default pythons and on ubuntu.  As such, the packages follow debian's patterns and often do not include a full python distribution with just `apt install python#.#`.  Here is a list of packages that may be useful along with the default install:

- `python#.#-dev`: includes development headers for building C extensions
- `python#.#-venv`: provides the standard library `venv` module
- `python#.#-distutils`: provides the standard library `distutils` module
- `python#.#-lib2to3`: provides the `2to3-#.#` utility as well as the standard library `lib2to3` module
- `python#.#-gdbm`: provides the standard library `dbm.gnu` module
- `python#.#-tk`: provides the standard library `tkinter` module

可以看到输出告诉了我们系统支持的python版本，最后一个区间是python3.7到python3.11，我官网看的明明最新是3.10.4，所以我们装的是python3.10

1.3. 安装支持的python版本Supported Ubuntu and Python Versions

sudo apt-get install python3.10

1.4 安装python 依赖包

按照输出的提示安装：

python#.#-dev: 构建 C extensions 的依赖包（用于开发）
python#.#-venv: 提供标准的 venv module
python#.#-distutils: 提供标准 distutils module
python#.#-lib2to3: 提供 2to3-#.# 工具以及标准 lib2to3 module
python#.#-gdbm: 提供标准 dbm.gnu module
python#.#-tk: 提供标准 tkinter module

把#.# 换成对应的版本就可以了，如果你没有直接根据输出安装，而是根据查找到的博客等的执行了 apt-get install python3-dev的话（比如我），可以加--reinstall 选项重新安装，不安装这些包的话就会报错，比如 No Module named 'distutils.cmd’等。

sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-dev
sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-venv
sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-distutils
sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-lib2to3
sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-gdbm
sudo apt-get install --reinstall python3.10-tk

1.5 安装pip

这里需要注意的是通过 sudo apt install python3-pip 安装的话他会自动安装一个python3.6 ，然后pip版本是9.0.1 （python3.6)，在这里安装pip通过curl命令安装

curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.10

报错的话通常就是1.4小节的依赖包没装。

报错解决

检查一下pip版本：No module named ‘apt_pkg’

如下到/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages目录下找一下apt_pkg.so 的指向，没有的话创建一个软连接：

ltt@ltt-E440:/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages$ ls -lt | grep apt_pkg
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 346784 9月   4  2021 apt_pkg.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   8900 9月   4  2021 apt_pkg.pyi

ltt@ltt-E440:/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages$ sudo ln -s apt_pkg.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so apt_pkg.so

AttributeError: module ‘collections’ has no attribute ‘MutableMapping’

这个错误呢就是因为安装了多个版本的python3导致无法识别的问题，

ltt@ltt-E440:/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages$ python -m pip --version
（中间省略）
AttributeError: module 'collections' has no attribute 'MutableMapping'

对此，是python3的多版本配置的问题，到/usr/bin 目录下：

ltt@ltt-E440:/usr/bin$ ls -la | grep -i "pip\|python"
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          26 3月  27  2018 dh_pypy -> ../share/dh-python/dh_pypy
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          29 3月  27  2018 dh_python3 -> ../share/dh-python/dh_python3
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          13 3月  26 14:20 lesspipe -> /bin/lesspipe
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          24 3月  25 00:14 pdb3.10 -> ../lib/python3.10/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          23 12月  9 05:08 pdb3.6 -> ../lib/python3.6/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          23 3月  17 01:28 pdb3.8 -> ../lib/python3.8/pdb.py
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root         293 5月   1  2021 pip3
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          31 3月  26 14:20 py3versions -> ../share/python3/py3versions.py
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          26 3月  27  2018 pybuild -> ../share/dh-python/pybuild
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          10 3月  26 17:52 python -> python3.10
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          10 3月  26 17:53 python3 -> python3.10
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root     5519352 3月  25 00:14 python3.10
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          34 3月  25 00:14 python3.10-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.10-config
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root root     4526456 12月  9 05:08 python3.6
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          33 12月  9 05:08 python3.6-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6-config
-rwxr-xr-x  2 root root     4526456 12月  9 05:08 python3.6m
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          34 12月  9 05:08 python3.6m-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6m-config
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root     5134032 3月  17 01:28 python3.8
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          16 10月 25  2018 python3-config -> python3.6-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          10 3月  26 14:20 python3m -> python3.6m
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          17 10月 25  2018 python3m-config -> python3.6m-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root           9 3月  26 14:20 python3.nak -> python3.6
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root        3246 3月  25 00:14 x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.10-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          34 12月  9 05:08 x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6m-config
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root        3283 12月  9 05:08 x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6m-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          33 10月 25  2018 x86_64-linux-gnu-python3-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6-config
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root          34 10月 25  2018 x86_64-linux-gnu-python3m-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.6m-config

可以看到 python3-config 指向 python3.6-config，我们修改成指向 python3.10-config

 sudo mv python3-config python3-config.bak
 sudo ln -s python3.10-config python3-config

检查版本成功，安装了对应3.10的pip版本22.0.4。这样python的安装就没有问题啦。

ltt@ltt-E440:/usr/bin$ python -m pip --version
pip 22.0.4 from /home/ltt/.local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip (python 3.10)

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