Codeforces 617E XOR and Favorite Number

本文详细介绍了如何通过离线查询和莫队算法解决一个涉及复杂区间查询与异或运算的问题。文章阐述了核心思路,包括区间预处理、状态转移和时间复杂度优化,提供了一个快速实现的代码示例。适用于需要处理大规模数组和频繁区间查询的场景。

http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/617/E  

题意:长度为n(1e5)的数组,m(1e5)询问和一个目标值k,每个询问需要你回答对于区间【l,r】,其内有多少对i、j(i<=j)满足a[i]^a[i+1]^...^a[j]==k。

思路:可以使用离线查询,故,可以考虑使用莫队算法。使用之前需要一些脑洞来分析这个问题。

要点分析:

1.对于区间【l,r】,其内的a[i]^a[i+1]^...^a[j]=pre[i-1]^pre[j]。

2.如果a^b=c,那么a^c=b,如果pre[i]^pre[j]=k,那么pre[i]=pre[j]^k。

3.对于区间【l,r】,如果此时其答案为temp,且你知道区间【l-1,r】内的每一个pre值的个数cnt,那么对于【l,r+1】,其答案则为temp+cnt[ pre[r^k] ]。即使O(1)时间内实现了区间的一步移动(其他方向的也是如此)

注意事项:下面代码中update()函数需重点理解,cnt和temp更新的先后顺序不同,重点体会。

AC代码(不用cout输出ans会快300ms):

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;

typedef long long LL;
const int maxn=(1e5)+5;
const int maxk=(1e6)*3;

int n,m,k,block;
int pre[maxn],a[maxn],cnt[maxk+5];
LL ans[maxn];
LL temp;

struct node{
    int l,r,id,pos;
}q[maxn];

int cmp(const node& a,const node& b){
    if(a.pos!=b.pos) return a.pos<b.pos;
    return a.r<b.r;
}

void update(int cur,int add){
    if(add==1){
        temp+=cnt[cur^k];
        cnt[cur]++;
    }
    else{
        cnt[cur]--;
        temp-=cnt[cur^k];
    }
}

void solve(){
    temp=0;
    if(k==a[1])  temp=1;
    cnt[0]++;
    cnt[a[1]]++;
    int l=1;
    int r=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=m;i++){
        while(l<q[i].l){
            update(pre[l-1],-1);
            l++;
        }
        while(l>q[i].l){
            l--;
            update(pre[l-1],1);
        }
        while(r<q[i].r){
            r++;
            update(pre[r],1);
        }
        while(r>q[i].r){
            update(pre[r],-1);
            r--;
        }
        ans[q[i].id]=temp;
    }
}

int main (){
    while(scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&m,&k)!=EOF){
        pre[0]=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
            scanf("%d",&a[i]);
            pre[i]=pre[i-1]^a[i];
        }
        int block=sqrt(m);
        for(int i=1;i<=m;i++){
            scanf("%d%d",&q[i].l,&q[i].r);
            q[i].id=i;
            q[i].pos=q[i].l/block;
        }
        sort(q+1,q+m+1,cmp);
        memset(cnt,0,sizeof(cnt));
        solve();
        for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
            printf("%I64d\n",ans[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}


### Codeforces 887E Problem Solution and Discussion The problem **887E - The Great Game** on Codeforces involves a strategic game between two players who take turns to perform operations under specific rules. To tackle this challenge effectively, understanding both dynamic programming (DP) techniques and bitwise manipulation is crucial. #### Dynamic Programming Approach One effective method to approach this problem utilizes DP with memoization. By defining `dp[i][j]` as the optimal result when starting from state `(i,j)` where `i` represents current position and `j` indicates some status flag related to previous moves: ```cpp #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int MAXN = ...; // Define based on constraints int dp[MAXN][2]; // Function to calculate minimum steps using top-down DP int minSteps(int pos, bool prevMoveType) { if (pos >= N) return 0; if (dp[pos][prevMoveType] != -1) return dp[pos][prevMoveType]; int res = INT_MAX; // Try all possible next positions and update 'res' for (...) { /* Logic here */ } dp[pos][prevMoveType] = res; return res; } ``` This code snippet outlines how one might structure a solution involving recursive calls combined with caching results through an array named `dp`. #### Bitwise Operations Insight Another critical aspect lies within efficiently handling large integers via bitwise operators instead of arithmetic ones whenever applicable. This optimization can significantly reduce computation time especially given tight limits often found in competitive coding challenges like those hosted by platforms such as Codeforces[^1]. For detailed discussions about similar problems or more insights into solving strategies specifically tailored towards contest preparation, visiting forums dedicated to algorithmic contests would be beneficial. Websites associated directly with Codeforces offer rich resources including editorials written after each round which provide comprehensive explanations alongside alternative approaches taken by successful contestants during live events. --related questions-- 1. What are common pitfalls encountered while implementing dynamic programming solutions? 2. How does bit manipulation improve performance in algorithms dealing with integer values? 3. Can you recommend any online communities focused on discussing competitive programming tactics? 4. Are there particular patterns that frequently appear across different levels of difficulty within Codeforces contests?
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