[django项目] 给网站添加后台管理系统_给网站怎样添加管理后台-优快云博客

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/makesomethings/article/details/100163348

本文详细介绍如何从零开始搭建一个后台管理系统，包括选取模板、定制样式、实现菜单动态渲染等功能，为后续开发打下坚实基础。

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后台站点首页功能

本次我们来完成针对前端各个模块的管理, 也就是我们的后台管理站点

所谓后台, 其功能无非就是:增删改查, 首先我们需要完成一个大体的框架, 然后再慢慢填充各部分功能, 就如同我们对前台做得一样

I. 后台模板抽取

1>获取静态站点模板

本项目选择开源的后台模板AdminLTE,github地址,直接下载zip压缩文件即可。

源文件非常大，用到了上百个插件，按需索取即可。

下载完成后你可以打开index.html这个文件来欣赏一下, 大概长这样:

[外链图片转存失败(img-cLFAB19N-1567158079336)(%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91.assets/)]

目前这个前端页面, 对我们的项目来说太复杂了, 所以我们选用官方给用户提供的模板, 也就是文件夹中的starter.html, 打开来看:

[外链图片转存失败(img-ZI54OZI4-1567158079337)(%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91.assets/1567153737075.png)]

去掉了一些花里胡哨的东西, 页面完全可以满足我们的需求, 甚至有些功能我们用不到, 这将在后面的模板抽取过程中选择性的剔除

2>模板抽取

模板文件
1. 创建templates/myadmin/文件夹
2. 将下载的文件夹中的starter.html页面复制到myadmin文件夹中
3. 改名为index.html, 然后删除模板中的一些不再我们计划内的功能, 如图:
  
  当然你也可以留一些你喜欢的功能到之后完善
静态文件
1. 创建static/css/fonts文件夹然后从下载文件拷贝以下文件到项目中:
  
  (PS: 建议直接复制文件名进行搜索)
  - fontawesome-webfont.ttf
  - fontawesome-webfont.woff
  - fontawesome-webfont.woff2
2. 创建static/css/myadmin文件夹然后从下载文件拷贝
  - AdminLTE.min.css
  - bootstrap.min.css
  - font-awesome.min.css
  - ionicons.min.css
  - skin-blue.min.css
3. 创建static/js/myadmin文件夹然后从下载文件拷贝
  - adminlte.min.js
  - bootstrap.min.js
  - jquery.min.js
4. 创建static/images/myadmin文件夹, 将用户图像文件存放其中, 图片在dist\img, 你也可以使用自己喜欢的图片

抽取后的后台模板页面代码为：

<!-- templates/myadmin/index.html -->
{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--
This is a starter template page. Use this page to start your new project from
scratch. This page gets rid of all links and provides the needed markup only.
-->
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <title>HHXPython后台</title>
    <!-- Tell the browser to be responsive to screen width -->
    <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no" name="viewport">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/myadmin/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
    <!-- Font Awesome -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/myadmin/font-awesome.min.css' %}">

    <!-- Theme style -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/myadmin/AdminLTE.min.css' %}">
    <!-- AdminLTE Skins. We have chosen the skin-blue for this starter
          page. However, you can choose any other skin. Make sure you
          apply the skin class to the body tag so the changes take effect. -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/myadmin/skin-blue.min.css' %}">

    <!-- HTML5 Shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries -->
    <!-- WARNING: Respond.js doesn't work if you view the page via file:// -->
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
  <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
  <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
  <![endif]-->

</head>
<!--
BODY TAG OPTIONS:
=================
Apply one or more of the following classes to get the
desired effect
|---------------------------------------------------------|
| SKINS         | skin-blue                               |
|               | skin-black                              |
|               | skin-purple                             |
|               | skin-yellow                             |
|               | skin-red                                |
|               | skin-green                              |
|---------------------------------------------------------|
|LAYOUT OPTIONS | fixed                                   |
|               | layout-boxed                            |
|               | layout-top-nav                          |
|               | sidebar-collapse                        |
|               | sidebar-mini                            |
|---------------------------------------------------------|
-->
<body class="hold-transition skin-blue sidebar-mini">
<div class="wrapper">

    <!-- Main Header -->
    <header class="main-header">

        <!-- Logo -->
        <a href="{% url 'news:index' %}" class="logo">
            <!-- mini logo for sidebar mini 50x50 pixels -->
            <span class="logo-mini"><b>X</b>PY</span>
            <!-- logo for regular state and mobile devices -->
            <span class="logo-lg"><b>HHX</b>Python</span>
            <!-- 好好学python -->
        </a>

        <!-- Header Navbar -->
        <nav class="navbar navbar-static-top" role="navigation">
            <!-- Sidebar toggle button-->
            <a href="#" class="sidebar-toggle" data-toggle="push-menu" role="button">
                <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
            </a>
            <!-- Navbar Right Menu -->
            <div class="navbar-custom-menu">
                <ul class="nav navbar-nav">

                    <!-- User Account Menu -->
                    <li class="dropdown user user-menu">
                        <!-- Menu Toggle Button -->
                        <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
                            <!-- The user image in the navbar-->
                            <img src="{% static 'images/myadmin/user2-160x160.jpg' %}" class="user-image" alt="User Image">
                            <!-- hidden-xs hides the username on small devices so only the image appears. -->
                            <span class="hidden-xs">Jax</span>
                        </a>
                        <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                            <!-- The user image in the menu -->
                            <li class="user-header">
                                <img src="{% static 'images/myadmin/user2-160x160.jpg' %}" class="img-circle" alt="User Image">

                                <p>
                                    Jax - Web开发工程师
                                    <small>2019年7月入职</small>
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <!-- Menu Footer-->
                            <li class="user-footer">
                                <div class="pull-left">
                                    <a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-flat">个人信息</a>
                                </div>
                                <div class="pull-right">
                                    <a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-flat">退出登录</a>
                                </div>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </li>

                </ul>
            </div>
        </nav>
    </header>
    <!-- Left side column. contains the logo and sidebar -->
    <aside class="main-sidebar">

        <!-- sidebar: style can be found in sidebar.less -->
        <section class="sidebar">

            <!-- Sidebar user panel (optional) -->
            <div class="user-panel">
                <div class="pull-left image">
                    <img src="{% static 'images/myadmin/user2-160x160.jpg' %}" class="img-circle" alt="User Image">
                </div>
                <div class="pull-left info">
                    <p>Jax</p>
                </div>
            </div>


            <!-- Sidebar Menu -->
            <ul class="sidebar-menu" data-widget="tree">
                {#        <li class="header">后台</li>#}
                <!-- Optionally, you can add icons to the links -->
                <li class="active"><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:home' %}"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i> <span>工作台</span></a></li>

                {#        <li class="header">首页</li>#}
                <li class="treeview">
                    <a href="#"><i class="fa fa-newspaper-o"></i> <span>文章管理</span>
                        <span class="pull-right-container">
                <i class="fa fa-angle-left pull-right"></i>
              </span>
                    </a>
                    <ul class="treeview-menu">
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">文章标签管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">文章管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">热门文章管理</a></li>

                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}"><i class="fa fa-picture-o"></i><span>轮播图管理</span></a></li>
                <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}"><i class="fa fa-folder"></i><span>文档管理</span></a></li>
                <li class="treeview">
                    <a href="#"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> <span>在线课堂</span>
                        <span class="pull-right-container">
                <i class="fa fa-angle-left pull-right"></i>
              </span>
                    </a>
                    <ul class="treeview-menu">
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">课程分类管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">课程管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">讲师管理</a></li>

                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li class="treeview">
                    <a href="#"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> <span>系统设置</span>
                        <span class="pull-right-container">
                <i class="fa fa-angle-left pull-right"></i>
              </span>
                    </a>
                    <ul class="treeview-menu">
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">权限管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">用户管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">分组管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">菜单管理</a></li>
                        <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url 'myadmin:wait' %}">个人详情</a></li>
                    </ul>
                </li>

            </ul>
            <!-- /.sidebar-menu -->
        </section>
        <!-- /.sidebar -->
    </aside>

    <!-- Content Wrapper. Contains page content -->
    <div class="content-wrapper" id="content">
        <!-- Content Header (Page header) -->

    </div>
    <!-- /.content-wrapper -->

    <!-- Main Footer -->
    <footer class="main-footer">
        <!-- To the right -->
        <div class="pull-right hidden-xs">
            聪明源于勤奋，天才源于积累！
        </div>
        <!-- Default to the left -->
        <strong>Copyright &copy; 2019 <a href="#">Company</a>.</strong> All rights reserved.
    </footer>


</div>
<!-- ./wrapper -->

<!-- REQUIRED JS SCRIPTS -->

<!-- jQuery 3 -->
<script src="{% static 'js/myadmin/jquery.min.js' %}"></script>
<!-- Bootstrap 3.3.7 -->
<script src="{% static 'js/myadmin/bootstrap.min.js' %}"></script>
<!-- AdminLTE App -->
<script src="{% static 'js/myadmin/adminlte.min.js' %}"></script>
<!-- message -->
<script src="{% static 'js/base/message.js' %}"></script>

<!-- Optionally, you can add Slimscroll and FastClick plugins.
     Both of these plugins are recommended to enhance the
     user experience. -->
</body>
</html>

II. 后台首页面

1>接口设计

接口说明：

类目	说明
请求方法	GET
url定义	`/admin/`
参数格式	无参数

返回结果：

后台首页面

2>后端代码

2.1>创建app

# 在虚拟机中，cd到apps目录下，运行创建app的命令
python ../manage.py startapp myadmin

2.2>setting.py

# 在settings.py中的INSTALLED_APPS中注释掉djangoadmin，添加创建好的myadmin
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # django自带的app
    # 'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    # 以下是自定义的app,分别对应一些页面或功能
    'news',
    'users',
    'doc',
    'course',
    'verification',
    'haystack',
    'myadmin',	# <<<< 新增
]

2.3>视图

# myadmin/views.py 中定义如下视图
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views import View


class IndexView(View):
    """
    后台首页视图
    """
    def get(self, request):
        return render(request, 'myadmin/index.html')

2.4>路由

# myadmin中创建urls.py, 然后定义如下路由
from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = 'myadmin'

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
]

# 主路由urls.py中, 新增一行
path('admin/', include('myadmin.urls')),

完成这些之后可以打开页面看一下, 你应该会看到对应的功能模块, 已经按照我们的设计来显示

III. 首页菜单渲染功能开发

前面我们后台界面上的数据是在前端的, 这次我们将其挪到后端, 用渲染的方式进行显示

别急, 一步步来

1>分析菜单数据

根据页面风格，设计菜单数据

menus = [
            {
                "name": "工作台",
                "url": "myadmin:home",
                "icon": "fa-desktop"
            },
            {
                "name": "新闻管理",
                "icon": "fa-newspaper-o",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "新闻标签管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }, {
                        "name": "新闻管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }, {
                        "name": "热门新闻管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "轮播图管理",
                "icon": "fa-picture-o",
                "url": "myadmin:home"
            },
            {
                "name": "文档管理",
                "icon": "fa-folder",
                "url": "myadmin:home"
            },
            {
                "name": "在线课堂",
                "icon": "fa-book",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "课程分类管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "课程管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "讲师管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "系统设置",
                "icon": "fa-cogs",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "权限管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "用户管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "菜单管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "个人信息",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            }

        ]

2>后端代码

2.1>视图

视图这里我们先写死代码, 原因是后续我们需要引入权限功能, 即不同权限的用户可以看到不同的菜单内容

# 修改myadmin/views.py中的IndexView视图
class IndexView(View):
    """
    后台首页视图
    """
    def get(self, request):
		# 将我们设计的菜单数据粘贴到这
        menus = [
            {
                "name": "工作台",
                "url": "myadmin:home",
                "icon": "fa-desktop"
            },
            {
                "name": "新闻管理",
                "icon": "fa-newspaper-o",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "新闻标签管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }, {
                        "name": "新闻管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }, {
                        "name": "热门新闻管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "轮播图管理",
                "icon": "fa-picture-o",
                "url": "myadmin:home"
            },
            {
                "name": "文档管理",
                "icon": "fa-folder",
                "url": "myadmin:home"
            },
            {
                "name": "在线课堂",
                "icon": "fa-book",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "课程分类管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "课程管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "讲师管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "系统设置",
                "icon": "fa-cogs",
                "children": [
                    {
                        "name": "权限管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "用户管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "菜单管理",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "个人信息",
                        "url": "myadmin:wait"
                    }
                ]
            }

        ]
        return render(request, 'myadmin/index.html', context={'menus': menus})

# 在 myadmin/views.py中添加下面两个视图
class HomeView(View):
    """
    工作台视图
    """
    def get(self, request):
        return render(request, 'myadmin/home.html')


class WaitView(View):
    """
    未上线功能提示
    """
    def get(self, request):
        return render(request, 'myadmin/wait.html')

2.2>路由

# 在myadmin/urls.py中添加如下路由：
path('home/', views.HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
path('wait/', views.WaitView.as_view(), name='wait'),

3>前端代码

3.1>html

<!-- 修改templates/myadmin/index.html 中侧栏处代码 -->
...
            <!-- Sidebar Menu -->
            <ul class="sidebar-menu" data-widget="tree">
                {% for menu in menus %}
                    {% if 'children' in menu %}
                     <li class="treeview">
                    <a href="#"><i class="fa {{ menu.icon }}"></i> <span>{{ menu.name }}</span>
                        <span class="pull-right-container">
                <i class="fa fa-angle-left pull-right"></i>
              </span>
                    </a>
                    <ul class="treeview-menu">
                        {% for child in menu.children %}
                            <li><a href="#" data-url="{% url child.url %}">{{ child.name }}</a></li>
                        {% endfor %}
                    </ul>
                </li>
                    {% else %}
                        <li ><a href="#" data-url="{% url menu.url %}"><i class="fa {{ menu.icon }}"></i> <span>{{ menu.name }}</span></a></li>
                    {% endif %}
                {% endfor %}
                {#        <li class="header">后台</li>#}
                <!-- Optionally, you can add icons to the links -->
            </ul>
            <!-- /.sidebar-menu -->

    <!-- Content Wrapper. Contains page content -->
    <div class="content-wrapper" id="content">
		<!-- 这里是通过js生成的模板数据, 必须要带id="content"才会有效 -->
        <!-- 所谓的模板数据也就是后面会提到的content_base.html -->
    </div>
    <!-- /.content-wrapper -->
...
<!-- 添加菜单控制js -->
<script src="{% static 'js/myadmin/menu.js' %}"></script>

在templates/myadmin/下创建content_base.html模板文件

<!-- templates\myadmin\content_base.html -->
<section class="content-header">
    <h1>
        {% block page_header %}
        {% endblock %}
        <small>{% block page_option %}{% endblock %}</small>
    </h1>

</section>

<!-- Main content -->
<section class="content container-fluid">
{% block content %}
    <!--------------------------
      | Your Page Content Here |
      -------------------------->
{% endblock %}
</section>

<!-- /.content -->

在templates/myadmin/下创建home.html模板文件

<!-- templates\myadmin\home.html -->
{% extends 'myadmin/content_base.html' %}


{% block page_header %}工作台{% endblock %}


{% block content %}
    通知：
        所有人员工资翻倍！
{% endblock %}

在templates/myadmin/下创建wait.html模板文件

<!-- templates\myadmin\wait.html -->
{% extends 'myadmin/content_base.html' %}

{% block page_header %}敬请期待{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    <div class="callout callout-info">
        <h4>Sorry</h4>

        <p>功能正在紧急开发中，敬请期待！</p>
    </div>
{% endblock %}

3.2>js

在static/js/myadmin/中创建menu.js

$(()=>{
    
    let $sideBar = $('.sidebar-menu');    // 边栏ul
    let $bars = $('.sidebar-menu').find('li:not(.treeview)');   // 所有的菜单
	// 当我们的菜单被点击时, 会进入以下函数
    $bars.click(function () {
        $this = $(this);	// this代表 当前的菜单
        $bars.removeClass('active');	// 移出所有的active
        $this.addClass('active');	// 给当前菜单添加active
        if($this.parent()[0] === $sideBar[0]){
            // 如果当前菜单是父菜单, 则展开其内容, 以下为固定写法
            $sideBar.children('li.treeview.menu-open').children('ul').slideUp();
            $sideBar.children('li.treeview.menu-open').removeClass('menu-open')

        }
        $('#content').load(	// 渲染id为content的html部分
            $this.children('a:first').data('url'),	// 通过路由的方式渲染页面
            (response, status, xhr)=>{
                if(status !== 'success'){
                    message.showError('服务器超时，请重试！')
                }
            }
        );
    });
	// 执行第一个菜单"工作台", 让其被选中
    $bars[0].click();

});