使用Spring Cloud Alibaba创建微服务

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原创最新推荐文章于 2026-06-02 08:33:09 发布 286 阅读 AI 写同款· GEO 优化 ›

使用Java构建Spring Cloud Alibaba 我们首先设置了环境，然后创建了一个新的Spring Cloud Alibaba项目，并配置了Nacos作为注册中心和配置中心。Spring Cloud Alibaba是一个基于Spring Cloud的开源框架，它提供了在微服务架构中构建分布式应用程序所需的一系列解决方案。它结合了Spring Cloud和Alibaba的开源项目，为开发人员提供了丰富的功能和工具，以简化微服务应用程序的开发和部署。通过使用Spring Cloud Alibaba提供的功能和工具，我们可以更轻松地构建和管理微服务应用程序。阅读详情

使用Spring Cloud Alibaba创建微服务

1 Spring Cloud Alibaba对应的版本

版本选择很重要！！！

Spring Cloud生态组件	版本
Spring Cloud	Hoxton.SR3
Spring Boot	2.2.5.RELEASE
Spring Cloud Openfeign	2.2.2.RELEASE
Spring Cloud Gateway	2.2.2.RELEASE
Spring Cloud Alibaba	2.2.1.RELEASE
Nacos	1.2.1
Dubbo	2.7.6
Sentinel	1.7.1
RocketMQ	4.4.0
Seata	1.2.0

2 Nacos

注意：安装nacos必须安装JDK1.8以上版本，单机模式不需要MySql，集群模式需要安装Mysql。

2.1 在Ubutu18.4中单机模式启动

# 下载Nacos，地址如下：
https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases/download/1.2.1/nacos-server-1.2.1.tar.gz

# (1) 解压nacos
tar -xzvf nacos-server-1.2.1.tar.gz

# (2) 进入nacos
cd nacos/bin/

# (3) 启动nacos
./startup.sh -m standalone；

# (4) 如果无法启动，查看一下是否是权限问题，如果不是权限问题，在命令前面添加“bash -f"
bash -f ./startup.sh -m standalone

2.2 使用nacos

输入以下地址：

http://localhost:8848/nacos/index.html

初始账号和秘密都是 nacos

3 创建服务提供者

创建工程名：provider

包名：com.mason.provider

如果在pom.xml中maven报错，为spring-boot-maven-plugin添加版本号，如下：

<plugins>
    <plugin>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.1.RELEASE</version>
    </plugin>
</plugins>

3.1 基本依赖

基础依赖的pom.xml文件。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.2.5.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.mason</groupId>
    <artifactId>nacos-server-provider-test-8081</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>nacos-server-provider-test-8081</name>
    <description>Nacos server provider project for Spring Boot</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>11</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.SR3</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring.cloud.alibaba.version>2.2.1.RELEASE</spring.cloud.alibaba.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.cloud.alibaba.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.3.1.RELEASE</version>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

3.2 创建yml文件

删除resources目录下的application.property，添加application-provider8081.yml、application-provider8082.yml两个文件，如下：

application-provider8081.yml

server:
  port: 8081

spring:
  application:
    name: provider-01
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: '*'

application-provider8082.yml

server:
  port: 8082

spring:
  application:
    name: provider-01
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: '*'

3.3 创建controller

在com.mason.provider包下创建目录controller（与ProviderApplication.java同级目录），并创建ProviderController.java文件。如下：

package com.mason.provider.controller;


import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class ProviderController {

    @Value("${server.port}")
    private String port;

    @GetMapping("/getData")
    public String getData(){
        return "Provider Hello World !  " + this.port;
    }
}

3.4 修改ProviderApplication

package com.mason.provider;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class ProviderApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ProviderApplication.class, args);
    }

}

3.5 测试

在idea同时启动两个微服务（参考另一篇博客“微服务集群简单搭建（Eureka）“配置），

启动的参数分别为（对应yml文件中application后的名称）：--spring.profiles.active=provider8081，--spring.profiles.active=provider8082

在浏览器中输入地址如下：

http://localhost:8081/getData返回值是"Provider Hello World ! 8081"，

http://localhost:8082/getData返回值是 "Provider Hello World ! 8082“

在nacos中可以看到，如下：

4 创建服务消费者

创建工程名：consumer

包名：com.mason.consumer

4.1 基本依赖

基础依赖的pom.xml文件。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.2.5.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.mason</groupId>
    <artifactId>consumer</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>consumer</name>
    <description>Nacos server consumer project for Spring Boot</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>11</java.version>
        <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.SR3</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring.cloud.alibaba.version>2.2.1.RELEASE</spring.cloud.alibaba.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.cloud.alibaba.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.3.1.RELEASE</version>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

4.2 创建yml文件

将resources目录下的application.property，修改为application.yml文件，如下：

server:
  port: 8080

spring:
  application:
    name: consumer-01
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848

management:
  endpoints:
    web:
      exposure:
        include: '*'

4.3 配置RestTemplate+Ribbon

com.mason.consumer包下创建目录util（与ConsumerApplication.java同级目录），并创建RestTemplateConfiguration.java文件，如下：

package com.mason.consumer.util;


import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Configuration
public class RestTemplateConfiguration {
    // 使客户端负责均衡
    @LoadBalanced
    @Bean
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

4.4 创建controller

在com.mason.consumer包下创建目录controller（与ConsumerApplication.java同级目录），并创建ConsumerController.java文件，如下：

package com.mason.consumer.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@RestController
public class ConsumerController {
    
    // 设置服务提供着的名称
    private final String PROVIDER_URL = "http://provider-01";

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @GetMapping("/getData")
    public String getData(){
        return this.restTemplate.getForObject(PROVIDER_URL+"/getData", String.class);
    }
}

4.5 修改ConsumerApplication

package com.mason.consumer;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class ConsumerApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class, args);
    }

}