数据库介绍
关系型数据库(数据存放在硬盘):
- MySQL 5.7 及之前的版本,开源软件 → 8.0 商业软件
- Oracle(甲骨文) 商业软件
- MariaDB 开源软件
- SqlServer
- msSQL 微软
非关系型数据库(数据存放在内存,变量):
- Redis
- MemCache
- MongoDB
- PostgreSQL
其它(数据存放在文件中,由 sql 语句处理):
- SQLite
关系型数据库介绍
数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有:
- 层次模型
- 网状结构
- 关系模型
关系模型:
二维关系:row,column
数据库管理系统:DBMS
关系:Relational,RDBMS
RDBMS 专业名词
常见的关系型数据库管理系统:
- MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server
- PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL
**SQL:**Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言
**约束:**constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
- 主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
- 一个表只能存在一个
- 惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
- 一个表可以存在多个
- 外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
- 检查性约束
**索引:**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有:
- 数据库:database
- 表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
- 索引:index
- 视图:view
- 用户:user
- 权限:privilege
- 存储过程:procedure
- 存储函数:function
- 触发器:trigger
- 事件调度器:event scheduler
SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型:
- DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
- DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
- DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL 语句类型 | 对应操作 |
---|---|
DDL: | CREATE:创建 DROP:删除 ALTER:修改 |
DML | INSERT:向表中插入数据 DELETE:删除表中数据 UPDATE:更新表中数据 SELECT:查询表中数据 |
DCL | GRANT:授权 REVOKE:移除授权 |
mysql 安装
mysql 安装方式有三种:
- 源代码:编译安装
- 二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用
- 程序包管理器管理的程序包:
- rpm:有两种
- OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的
- 项目官方提供的
- deb
- rpm:有两种
//配置mysql的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
//禁用mysql模块
[root@localhost ~]# yum module disable mysql
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:50 ago on Sun 24 Jul 2022 05:52:57 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
===================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===================================================================================
Disabling modules:
mysql
Transaction Summary
===================================================================================
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!
//安装mysql
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel --nogpgcheck
//开启mysql服务,并设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset:>
Active: active (running) since Sun 2022-07-24 18:03:55 CST; 30s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 14213 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld>
Process: 14164 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/S>
Main PID: 14216 (mysqld)
Tasks: 27 (limit: 11175)
Memory: 309.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─14216 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.>
Jul 24 18:03:53 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 24 18:03:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
//查找密码并登录
[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-07-24T10:03:54.185851Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: pBeikU#kN0MY
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -ppBeikU#kN0MY
//修改密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'skye123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//数据库的基本使用
mysql> show databases; //查找数据库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use mysql; //使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables; //查找表格
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| engine_cost |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| gtid_executed |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| innodb_index_stats |
| innodb_table_stats |
| ndb_binlog_index |
| plugin |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| proxies_priv |
| server_cost |
| servers |
| slave_master_info |
| slave_relay_log_info |
| slave_worker_info |
| slow_log |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit //退出
Bye
//为避免mysql自动升级,需卸载最开始安装的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
MariaDB 安装
//安装mariadb
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install mariadb*
//开启mariadb,并设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 80 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
//启动
[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
//修改密码
MariaDB [(none)]> set password = password('skye123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pskye123!
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 9
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]>