方法引用
方法引用,不是方法调用
方法引用,不是方法调用
方法引用,不是方法调用
概念
Note that instances of functional interfaces can be created with
lambda expressions, method references, or constructor references.
函数式接口的实例可以通过 lambda 表达式、 方法引用、构造方法引用来创建。方法引用是 lambda 表达式的语法糖,任何使用方法引用的地方都可以由lambda表达式替换,但是并不是所有的lambda表达式都可以用方法引用来替换。
举例:
这就是一个打印集合所有元素的例子,value -> System.out.println(value) 是一个Consumer函数式接口,
这个函数式接口可以通过方法引用来替换。
public class LambdaTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("hello", "world", "welcome");
list.forEach(value -> System.out.println(value));
}
}
输出:
hello
world
welcome
使用方法引用的方式,和上面的输出是一样的,方法引用使用的是双冒号(::)
public class LambdaTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("hello", "world", "welcome");
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
输出:
hello
world
welcome
分类
类别 | 使用形式 |
---|---|
静态方法引用 | 类名 :: 静态方法名 |
实例方法引用 | 对象名(引用名) :: 实例方法名 |
类方法引用 | 类名 :: 实例方法名 |
构造方法引用 | 类名 :: new |
静态方法引用
public class Apple {
private String category;
private String color;
private double weight;
public Apple(String category, String color, double weight) {
this.category = category;
this.color = color;
this.weight = weight;
}
public static int compareByWeight(Apple a1, Apple a2) {
double diff = a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight();
return new Double(diff).intValue();
}
//getter setter toString
}
有一个苹果的List,现在需要根据苹果的重量进行排序。List 的 sort 函数接收一个 Comparator 类型的参数,Comparator 是一个函数式接口,接收两个参数,返回一个int值。
Apple的静态方法compareByWeight正好符合Comparator函数式接口,所以可以使用:
Apple::compareByWeight 静态方法引用来替代lambda表达式
public class LambdaTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Apple apple1 = new Apple("红星", "Red", 280);
Apple apple2 = new Apple("黄元帅", "Yello", 470);
Apple apple3 = new Apple("红将军", "Red", 320);
Apple apple4 = new Apple("国光", "Green", 300);
List<Apple> appleList = Arrays.asList(apple1, apple2, apple3, apple4);
//lambda 表达式形式
//appleList.sort((Apple a1, Apple a2) -> {
// return new Double(a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight()).intValue();
//});
//静态方法引用形式
appleList.sort(Apple::compareByWeight);
appleList.forEach(apple -> System.out.println(apple));
}
}
输出:
Apple{category='红星', color='Red', weight=280.0}
Apple{category='国光', color='Green', weight=300.0}
Apple{category='红将军', color='Red', weight=320.0}
Apple{category='黄元帅', color='Yello', weight=470.0}
Apple.compareByWeight是方法的调用,而Apple::compareByWeight方法引用,这两者完全不是一回事。
实例方法引用
这个compareByWeight是一个实例方法
public class AppleComparator {
public int compareByWeight(Apple a1, Apple a2) {
double diff = a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight();
return new Double(diff).intValue();
}
}
下面的例子通过实例对象的方法引用 comparator::compareByWeight 来代替lambda表达式
public class LambdaTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Apple apple1 = new Apple("红星", "Red", 280);
Apple apple2 = new Apple("黄元帅", "Yello", 470);
Apple apple3 = new Apple("红将军", "Red", 320);
Apple apple4 = new Apple("国光", "Green", 300);
List<Apple> appleList = Arrays.asList(apple1, apple2, apple3, apple4);
//lambda 表达式形式
//appleList.sort((Apple a1, Apple a2) -> {
// return new Double(a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight()).intValue();
//});
//实例方法引用
AppleComparator comparator = new AppleComparator();
appleList.sort(comparator::compareByWeight);
appleList.forEach(apple -> System.out.println(apple));
}
}
输出:
Apple{category='红星', color='Red', weight=280.0}
Apple{category='国光', color='Green', weight=300.0}
Apple{category='红将军', color='Red', weight=320.0}
Apple{category='黄元帅', color='Yello', weight=470.0}
通过上面两个例子可以看到,静态方法引用和实例方法引用都是比较好理解的。
类方法引用
类方法引相对来说,不太容易理解。第一个例子中,Apple 的 compareByWeight 是一个静态方法,并且参数是两个。这个例子只是为了说明静态方法引用(其实,这个静态方法,放到哪个类都一样,放到Apple类里主要是为了区分与类方法引用的区别)
public class Apple {
private String category;
private String color;
private double weight;
public Apple(String category, String color, double weight) {
this.category = category;
this.color = color;
this.weight = weight;
}
public static int compareByWeight(Apple a1, Apple a2) {
double diff = a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight();
return new Double(diff).intValue();
}
//getter setter toString
}
一般来说,同类型对象的比较,应该当前调用方法的对象与另外一个对象进行比较,好的设计应该像下面:
public class Apple {
private String category;
private String color;
private double weight;
public Apple(String category, String color, double weight) {
this.category = category;
this.color = color;
this.weight = weight;
}
public int compareByWeight(Apple other) {
double diff = this.getWeight() - other.getWeight();
return new Double(diff).intValue();
}
//getter setter toString
}
还是之前List排序的例子,看看使用类方法引用如何写:
public class LambdaTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Apple apple1 = new Apple("红星", "Red", 280);
Apple apple2 = new Apple("黄元帅", "Yello", 470);
Apple apple3 = new Apple("红将军", "Red", 320);
Apple apple4 = new Apple("国光", "Green", 300);
List<Apple> appleList = Arrays.asList(apple1, apple2, apple3, apple4);
//lambda 表达式形式
//appleList.sort((Apple a1, Apple a2) -> {
// return new Double(a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight()).intValue();
//});
//类方法引用
appleList.sort(Apple::compareByWeight);
appleList.forEach(apple -> System.out.println(apple));
}
}
输出:
Apple{category='红星', color='Red', weight=280.0}
Apple{category='国光', color='Green', weight=300.0}
Apple{category='红将军', color='Red', weight=320.0}
Apple{category='黄元帅', color='Yello', weight=470.0}
这里使用的是:类名::实例方法名。首先要说明的是,方法引用不是方法调用。compareByWeight一定是某个实例调用的,就是lambda表达式的第一个参数,然后lambda表达式剩下的参数作为
compareByWeight的参数,这样compareByWeight正好符合lambda表达式的定义。
或者也可以这样理解:
(Apple a1, Apple a2) -> { return new Double(a1.getWeight() - a2.getWeight()).intValue(); }
int compareByWeight(Apple other) 需要当前对象调用,然后与另外一个对象比较,并且返回一个int值。可以理解为lambda表达式的第一个参数 a1 赋值给当前对象, 然后 a2 赋值给 other对象,然后返回int值。
构造方法引用
例子1:
public class ConstructionMethodTest {
public String getString(Supplier<String> supplier) {
return supplier.get();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConstructionMethodTest test = new ConstructionMethodTest();
//lambda表达式形式
System.out.println(test.getString(() -> { return new String();}));
//构造方法引用形式
System.out.println(test.getString(String::new));
}
}
getString 方法接收一个Supplier类型的参数,Supplier 不接收参数,返回一个String。lambda表达式应该这样写:
() -> { return new String();}
替换成方法引用的形式如下: 实际上调用的是String 无参构造方法。
String::new
例子2:
public class ConstructionMethodTest {
public String convert(String src, Function<String, String> function) {
String dest = function.apply(src);
return dest;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConstructionMethodTest test = new ConstructionMethodTest();
//lambda表达式形式
System.out.println(test.convert("hello", (String str) -> { return str; }));
//构造方法引用形式
System.out.println(test.convert("hello", String::new));
}
}
输出:
hello
hello
convert 方法接收两个参数,一个字符串,一个Function,Functin接收一个字符串,返回一个字符串。Function 对应的lambda表达式应该这样写:
(String str) -> { return str;}
因为String 有一个构造方法,接收一个参数,返回一个参数
public String(String original) {
this.value = original.value;
this.hash = original.hash;
}
所以可以用构造用方法引用的形式替换lambda表达式:
String::new