4、selenium3的安装

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分类专栏：自动化测试（Selenium+python）

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本文详细介绍了如何安装Selenium3，包括使用pip安装、火狐、IE和Chrome浏览器的驱动程序配置，以及通过环境变量管理驱动路径的方法。针对每个浏览器，提供了下载链接和操作步骤，确保自动化测试的稳定运行。

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1、安装selenium

（下载地址： https://pypi.python.org/pypi/selenium）
如果是联网状态的话，可以直接在E:\Python27\Scripts下输入命令安装：
E:\Python27\Scripts>pip install –U selenium
如果没联网，先下载selenium并解压把整个目录放到E:\Python27\Lib\site-packages目录下。
在这里插入图片描述

2、火狐浏览器：

WebDriver 各版本： https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases 下载配套的geckodriver （geckodriver-v0.18.0-win64），下载放到E盘
在这里插入图片描述

测试脚本程序：（是否能正常使用）

#encoding = utf - 8
from selenium import webdriver
import time
#通过executable_path参数知名Friefox驱动文件所在路径，
#从selenium3.x版本开始，WebDriver/firefox/WebDriver.py程序文件中的_init_.py文件中，设置executable_path=“geckodriver”，使用Selenuim3.x编写的自动化测试脚本，使用Firefox浏览器测试时需要指明 # Friefox浏览器驱动程序“geckodriver.exe”文件所在路径。
driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = "E:\\geckodriver")
#打开搜索首页
driver.get("http://www.sogou.com")
#在搜索输入框中输入“selenium”
driver.find_element_by_id("query").send_keys("selenuim")
#单击“搜索”按钮
driver.find_element_by_id("stb").click()
#等待3秒
time.sleep(3)
#退出浏览器
driver.close()

执行结果：打开火狐浏览器，进入搜狗搜索首页，搜索输入框输入selenium，点击搜索按钮，等待3秒，退出浏览器。

3、IE驱动程序

下载地址；”http://docs.seleniumhq.org/download
在这里插入图片描述

#conding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
import unittest
class VisitSogouByIE(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):

    #    self.driver = webdriver.Ie(executable_path = "E:\\IEDriverServer")
        self.driver = webdriver.Ie()

    def test_visitSogou(self):

        self.driver.get("http://www.sogou.com")

        print self.driver.current_url

    def tearDown(self):

        self.driver.quit()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

执行结果：在这里插入图片描述
解决办法：
把下方4个安全设置的勾选都去掉

4、Chrome浏览器驱动

下载的驱动同谷歌浏览器要配对，防止谷歌浏览器升级造成驱动不可用，我们先取消google更新，教材如下：
https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/76a7e409f2137afc3b6e15be.html
驱动的下载地址如下：
http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/
chromedriver与chrome的的对应版本

----------ChromeDriver v2.40 (2018-06-07)----------
Supports Chrome v66-68
Resolved issue 2446: Regression: Chromedriver 2.39 hangs on open when user-data-dir is specified and exists [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 779: Make ChromeDriver able to listen on requests from IPv6. [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2339: Chromedriver couldn’t find the Android file using valid file path [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2307: /session/:sessionId/send_command and /session/:sessionId/send_command_and_get_result should be changed to be proper extension commands [[Pri-]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.39 (2018-05-30)----------
Supports Chrome v66-68
Resolved issue 2436: ChromeDriver for Android does not provide useful error message for old adb version [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2431: ChromeDriver tests that close Windows are flaky [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2259: Click on component into an Iframe (with container padding > 0) is not working [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2161: ChromeDriver remote debug port reservation race conditions [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2420: Get Alert Text is not returning spec compliant error codes [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2369: Clean up state of androidUseRunningApp feature [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2406: Minimize/Maximize window need a w3c compliant endpoints [[Pri-]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.38 (2018-04-17)----------
Supports Chrome v65-67
Resolved issue 2354: The chromedriver crashes/lose connection when navigate to gmail [[Pri-0]]
Resolved issue 2381: Unknown session ID and cannot determine loading status [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2198: ChromeDriver 2.34 doesn’t wait until iframe content loads after switching into iframe [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2142: unknown error: Element is not clickable at point - after updating chrome browser and chrome driver to latest version [[Pri-2]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.37 (2018-03-16)----------
Supports Chrome v64-66
Resolved issue 2304: Test ChromeDriverSiteIsolation.testCanClickOOPIF fails on Chrome v66 for all desktop platforms [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 1940: Many window command endpoints are unimplemented in Chromedriver [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 1937: Get element rect is not implemented [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2329: ChromeDriver does not allow value of 0 for extensionLoadTimeout option [[Pri-2]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.36 (2018-03-02)----------
Supports Chrome v63-65
Resolved issue 1819: testIFrameWithExtensionsSource is failing on Chrome v60+ [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2221: Add command-line option to log INFO level to stderr [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 450: ChromeDriver hangs when switching to new window whose document is being overwritten [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2235: Add option to control the wait for extension background pages [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2234: fixed webview_devtools_remote_ is not right [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2223: Unable to load extension if background page name starts with / [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2280: ChromeDriver should be more extensible [[Pri-]]
Resolved issue 2231: Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL not working in Mobile Emulation [[Pri-]]
Resolved issue 746266: Chromedriver does not support OOPIF

----------ChromeDriver v2.35 (2018-01-10)----------
Supports Chrome v62-64
Resolved issue 2191: Executing JavaScript code fails if the script returns no result [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2183: Connections Aren’t Persistent [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2207: Some mobile emulation devices do not work [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2177: Get local storage returns command names in Chrome 63 [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2179: absolute time on log entries [[Pri-2]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.34 (2017-12-10)----------
Supports Chrome v61-63
Resolved issue 2025: Incorrect navigation on Chrome v63+ [[‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 2034: Error looking for “Timeline.start” in Chrome [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1883: Unable to emulate android devices with Chromedriver 2.30 [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 2103: Touch in mobile emulation doesn’t work [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.33 (2017-10-03)----------
Supports Chrome v60-62
Resolved issue 2032: ChromeDriver crashes while creating DNS resolver [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1918: Get/SetWindowSize & Get/SetWindowPosition commands are failing on Chromev62+ [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 2013: Android 8.0.0 webviews not supported [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 2017: In mobileEmulation “element is not clickable” if it is outside the visible area [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1981: chromedriver does not respect excludeSwitches flag [[‘Pri-2’]]
Partially Resolved issue 2002: Add Cookie is not spec compliant [[]]
Resolved issue 1985: FindElement raises the wrong error [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.32 (2017-08-30)----------
Supports Chrome v59-61
Resolved issue 1852: Error ‘Element is not clickable at point’ occurs on Chrome v61+ [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1950: DeleteCookie in Chrome v62 and Chromedriver v2.31 fails [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1942: ChromeDriver response in W3C mode is not standard compliant [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1910: Fails to retrieve default prompt text on Chrome v62+ [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1900: LaunchApp command throws UnknownError: cannot get automation extension on Mac and Windows Chrome v62+ [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1885: unknown error: Cannot use ‘in’ operator to search for ‘String’ in null [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1882: Chromedriver URI for Execute Async Script is not spec compliant [[‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 1621: Implement session//window/fullscreen command [[‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 1896: Characters ‘3’ and ‘#’ are not being entered using SendKeys on Mac Chrome v62+ [[]]
Resolved issue 1894: chromedriver 2.31 should be linked with glibc 2.17 [[]]
Resolved issue 1740: ChromeDriver session handshake needs to be W3C compliant [[]]
Resolved issue 1898: Wrong error is thrown while sending text to non prompt dialog. [[]]
Resolved issue 1888: Chromedriver doesn’t throw an exception when uploading an invalid file with selenium [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.31 (2017-07-21)----------
Supports Chrome v58-60
Resolved issue 1804: Flakiness when retrieving cookies using GetCookies command on Windows [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1879: Implement /session/{session id}/cookie/{name} command [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1860: WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: bad inspector message:"" when attempting to get page_source [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1293: Timed out receiving message from renderer on window.location change [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1849: ChromeDriver 2.30 AddCookie command uses incorrect default path [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1256: switchToFrame should throw StaleElementReferenceException in case the element is stale [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1786: Feature request: change chromeOptions to goog:chromeOptions [[‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 1772: Chromedriver running against canary chrome w/ headless flag requires XVFB for sendKey interactions [[]]
Resolved issue 727979: Failed to set Chrome’s command line file on device for long command line [[‘Pri-3’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.30 (2017-06-07)----------
Supports Chrome v58-60
Resolved issue 644: ChromeDriver does not delete the profile & scoped_dir* folders after test exits [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1114: unknown error:Maximum call stack size exceeded on calling any webdriver command [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1773: ChromeDriver crashes when using console.time on Chromev58+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1526: mobileEmulation not working for the listed devices in the chrome [[‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1777: NoSuchFrameException is thrown when attempting to focus on a frame with protocol “chrome-extension://” within a page with protocol “https://” on Chrome 58 [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1779: testWindowMaximize is failing on Mac for Chrome v60+ [[‘OS-Mac’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1775: testShouldHandleNewWindowLoadingProperly failing on Chrome v60+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1796: Chromedriver failed to connect to Chrome on CrOS with latest canary build [[]]
Resolved issue 1353: Sending text to Alert / Confirm dialog should throw element not visible exception [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.29 (2017-04-04)----------
Supports Chrome v56-58
Resolved issue 1521: Assignment to Object.prototype.$family causes a crash [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1482: Chromedriver cannot handle the alert generated by onbeforeunload event [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1315: |switch_to.window| does not visually switch tabs [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-3’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.28 (2017-03-09)----------
Supports Chrome v55-57
Resolved issue 1625: Error: cannot get automation extension on Chrome57+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’, ‘merge-merged-2987’]]
Resolved issue 1695: Chrome crashes on Linux32 bot [[‘OS-Linux’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1467: A hang occurs when an alert dialog is displayed on Chrome 52+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1688: Exported Netlog with --log-net-log is truncated [[‘OS-Linux’, ‘OS-Mac’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1388: find Elements is failing [[‘Pri-2’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.27 (2016-12-23)----------
Supports Chrome v54-56
Resolved issue 1637: Getting window handles fails in the presence of shared workers on Chrome 55+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.26 (2016-12-09)----------
Supports Chrome v53-55
Resolved issue 1607: Chrome 57+ with perf logs enabled fails with “unexpected command response” [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1502: sendKeys(): SPACE key does not work on Chrome 53 [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 984: Extend ChromeDriver capabilities to cover network throttling feature from Chrome DevTools [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 877: UnhandledAlertException not being propagated upwards [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1578: Flash plugin blocked after updating Chrome browser [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1617: Fullscreen command is not recognised [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 839: clear does not work on input type number with string value [[‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 1500: “Could not handle JavaScript dialog” error occurs randomly when accepting confirmation dialogs. [[]]
Resolved issue 1541: find element with empty tag is raising wrong exception in findElement [[]]
Resolved issue 1540: empty tagname value should raise an error when doing findElements [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.25 (2016-10-25)----------
Supports Chrome v53-55
Resolved issue 1547: Chromedriver crashes during event Runtime.consoleAPICalled [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1514: GetLog command times out if an alert is showing [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1460: “Disable Developer Mode Extensions” exists on Mac, but not Windows [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.24 (2016-09-09)----------
Supports Chrome v52-54
Resolved issue 1497: GetLog fails when the current window is closed [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 1495: ChromeDriver crashes with “Check failed: !page_load_strategy_.empty()” [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 1463: SessionNotCreatedException: Runtime.evaluate missing ‘wasThrown’ on Chrome 54+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 1484: SendKeys of a Tab Key has no effect in Chrome 53 [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1431: GetLog command does not work for Chrome 54+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1411: sendKeys generates events that are missing some fields [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1451: Chrome 54+ session not created exception: Runtime.executionContextCreated has invalid ‘context’ [[‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 984: Extend ChromeDriver capabilities to cover network throttling feature from Chrome DevTools [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1454: Net::ReadTimeout error on launching Canary v54 through RemoteWebDriver [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.23 (2016-08-04)----------
Supports Chrome v51-53
Resolved issue 1378: Android 6: Intitialization of Chrome driver fails when Chrome/Webview process is in running ® state [[‘OS-Android’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1379: Chromedriver does not catch all available browser console log entries [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.22 (2016-06-06)----------
Supports Chrome v49-52
Resolved issue 1348: Timeout error while navigating to URL on Chrome 51+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 1381: Timeout error occurs when alert dialog is displayed on Chrome 52+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’, ‘merge-merged-2743’]]
Resolved issue 1339: Failure when executing JS in a content script context [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1387: ChromeDriver hangs when calling driver.get() for same-process navigations [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1365: Touch emulation is not working under mobile emulation in Chrome 50+ [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1224: Chrome WebDriver throws an exception when trying to click a button inside a frame [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 107: ChromeDriver Won’t Switch To Frame inside nested frameset [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1368: ExecuteScript returns “Cannot read property ‘document’ of null” [[]]
Resolved issue 1355: Session not created exception when connecting to existing browser on localhost [[]]
Resolved issue 1331: “chromeOptions.excludeSwitches” is not working on Android [[]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.21 (2016-01-28)----------
Supports Chrome v46-50
Resolved issue 1276: empty FindElement response is returned while trying to find element with tagname object/embed [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1272: GET url returns “data:text/html,chromewebdata” [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1310: ChromeDriver hangs (and times out) when inspecting inactive background pages [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 824: ChromeDriver creates two cookies when the cookie to add contains the domain [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1274: ExecuteScript sends script to wrong execution context [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1249: Change “get current URL” behavior in ChromeDriver [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 904: include Alert text in UnhandledAlertError stack trace [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 474: getAttribute() fails when attribute name has colon (😃 character [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-3’]]
Resolved issue 1245: Unable to switch to 1st opened window in session [[]]
Resolved issue 1290: Cannot access elements from subframes [[]]
Resolved issue 1261: getTitle() should return empty string instead of page url when page title is empty [[]]
Resolved issue 1238: testExecuteInRemovedFrame fails on waterfall bots [[‘OS-All’]]
Resolved issue 1246: Chromedriver version number is not displayed in logs/ getCapabilities() [[‘OS-All’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.20 (2015-10-08)----------
Supports Chrome v43-48
Resolved issue 1225: RESPONSE InitSession unknown error: Device <device_id> is not online [[‘OS-Android’, ‘Pri-0’]]
Resolved issue 960: ChromeDriver support to access WebView elements [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1229: Spec violation: /sessions endpoint returns session ID at sessionId key instead of id key [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-2’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.19 (2015-08-28)----------
Supports Chrome v43-47
Resolved issue 1167: Various issues with ChromeDriver navigation tracker [[‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1205: Chrome crashes when enabling touch emulation [[‘OS-Mac’, ‘OS-Windows’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 1142: cookies’ httponly attribute is not returned [[‘Pri-2’]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.18 (2015-08-19)----------
Supports Chrome v43-46
Resolved issue 1158: Unable to find elements after installing Chrome 44 [[‘ChromeDriver-2.17’, ‘OS-All’, ‘Pri-1’]]
Resolved issue 635: Implement touch actions for android chrome [[‘OS-Android’, ‘Pri-2’]]
Resolved issue 1194: unknown error: cannot determine loading status from disconnected: received Inspector.detached event [[]]

驱动的下载地址如下：
http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
验证如下：

#coding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
import  unittest
import  time
class VisitSogouChrome(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
       # self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path = "E://chromedriver")
       self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()

    def test_visitSogou(self):
        self.driver.get("http://sogou.com")
        print self.driver.current_url
        time.sleep(2)


    def tearDown(self):
        self.driver.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

5、使用环境变量配置驱动路径

Selenuim3.x版本开始不再提供默认浏览器支持，所有浏览器都是通过各个浏览器官方提供相应的浏览器驱动进行支持，这使得运行在各种浏览器上的自动化测试更稳定。
除了代码中直接通过executable_path参数指明对应浏览器的驱动程序文件方法外，还可以创建一个目录（比如E:\driver\目录），把不同浏览器的驱动文件均放到该目录中，比如gekodriver.exe（Firefox浏览器）、chromedriver.exe（Chrome浏览器）、MicrosoftWebDriver.exe（Edge浏览器）、IEDriverServer.exe（IE浏览器）、operadriver.exe（Opera浏览器）等，然后将该目录添加到系统环境变量path中，WeDriver在启动浏览器时，会自动到环境变量中设定的路径中寻找相应的驱动程序。
在这里插入图片描述

# coding=utf-8
#encoding = utf - 8
from selenium import webdriver
import time
# Friefox浏览器驱动程序“geckodriver.exe”文件所在路径。
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
#打开搜索首页
driver.get("http://www.sogou.com")
#清空搜索输入框默认内容
driver.find_element_by_id("query").click()
#在搜索输入框中输入“selenium”
driver.find_element_by_id("query").send_keys("selenuim")
#单击“搜索”按钮
driver.find_element_by_id("stb").click()
#等待3秒
time.sleep(3)
#退出浏览器
driver.close()