基于 Laravel 12 的完整微服务架构实现方案

以下是基于 Laravel 12 的完整微服务架构实现方案，包含 8 大核心模块 和 生产级部署方案：

---

项目结构

microservices-arch/
├── api-gateway/           # API 网关服务
├── auth-service/          # 认证服务
├── order-service/         # 订单服务
├── product-service/       # 产品服务
├── notification-service/  # 通知服务
├── docker-compose.yml     # Docker 编排
└── infrastructure/        # 基础设施配置
    ├── prometheus/
    ├── grafana/
    └── elk/

---

1. API 网关实现 (api-gateway/app/Http/Kernel.php)

// 中间件配置
protected $middlewareGroups = [
    'api' => [
        \App\Http\Middleware\ServiceDiscovery::class,
        \App\Http\Middleware\CircuitBreaker::class,
        \App\Http\Middleware\JwtAuth::class,
    ],
];

// 路由转发控制器
class GatewayController extends Controller
{
    public function forward(Request $request)
    {
        $service = $request->route('service');
        $endpoint = $request->route('endpoint');
        
        $response = Http::withHeaders($request->headers->all())
            ->send($request->method(), "{$service}/{$endpoint}", [
                'query' => $request->query(),
                'form_params' => $request->post()
            ]);
            
        return response($response->body(), $response->status());
    }
}

---

2. 服务注册与发现 (auth-service/app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php)

public function boot()
{
    $this->registerWithConsul();
}

private function registerWithConsul()
{
    $consulClient = new ConsulClient();
    $consulClient->registerService([
        'Name' => 'auth-service',
        'Address' => env('SERVICE_IP', 'localhost'),
        'Port' => env('SERVICE_PORT', 8000),
        'Check' => [
            'HTTP' => 'http://localhost:8000/health',
            'Interval' => '10s'
        ]
    ]);
}

---

3. 熔断机制实现 (api-gateway/app/Http/Middleware/CircuitBreaker.php)

class CircuitBreaker
{
    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
    {
        $service = $request->route('service');
        $cacheKey = "circuit:{$service}";
        
        if (Cache::get($cacheKey) === 'open') {
            return response()->json(['error' => 'Service unavailable'], 503);
        }

        try {
            $response = $next($request);
            $this->recordSuccess($service);
            return $response;
        } catch (ConnectException $e) {
            return $this->handleFailure($service);
        }
    }

    private function handleFailure($service)
    {
        $failures = Cache::increment("failures:{$service}");
        
        if ($failures >= 5) {
            Cache::put("circuit:{$service}", 'open', now()->addMinutes(5));
        }
        
        return response()->json(['error' => 'Service unavailable'], 503);
    }
}

---

4. 跨服务通信 (order-service/app/Services/PaymentService.php)

class PaymentService 
{
    public function chargeOrder(Order $order)
    {
        $response = Http::withHeaders([
            'X-Trace-ID' => request()->header('X-Trace-ID'),
            'Authorization' => request()->header('Authorization')
        ])->post('http://payment-service/charge', [
            'amount' => $order->total,
            'user_id' => $order->user_id
        ]);

        if ($response->failed()) {
            throw new PaymentFailedException();
        }
        
        return $response->json();
    }
}

---

5. 分布式事务 Saga 模式 (order-service/app/Jobs/ProcessOrderSaga.php)

class ProcessOrderSaga implements ShouldQueue
{
    public function handle()
    {
        DB::transaction(function () {
            // 步骤1: 库存预留
            $inventoryReserved = Http::post('inventory-service/reserve', [...]);
            
            // 步骤2: 支付处理
            $paymentProcessed = $inventoryReserved && Http::post('payment-service/charge', [...]);

            // 步骤3: 订单确认
            if ($paymentProcessed) {
                $this->confirmOrder();
            } else {
                // 补偿操作
                Http::post('inventory-service/rollback', [...]);
            }
        });
    }
}

---

6. 统一认证中心 (auth-service/app/Services/JwtService.php)

class JwtService
{
    public function generateToken(User $user): string
    {
        return JWT::encode([
            'sub' => $user->id,
            'iss' => 'auth-service',
            'iat' => time(),
            'exp' => time() + 3600,
            'roles' => $user->roles->pluck('name')
        ], env('JWT_SECRET'));
    }

    public function validateToken(string $token): bool
    {
        try {
            JWT::decode($token, env('JWT_SECRET'), ['HS256']);
            return true;
        } catch (\Exception $e) {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

---

7. 分布式追踪 (全局中间件)

class TracingMiddleware
{
    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
    {
        $traceId = $request->header('X-Trace-ID', Str::uuid());
        
        Log::withContext(['trace_id' => $traceId]);
        
        return $next($request)->header('X-Trace-ID', $traceId);
    }
}

---

8. 事件驱动架构 (product-service/app/Events/ProductStockUpdated.php)

class ProductStockUpdated implements ShouldBroadcast
{
    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithSockets;
    
    public $productId;
    public $newStock;
    
    public function __construct($productId, $newStock)
    {
        $this->productId = $productId;
        $this->newStock = $newStock;
    }
    
    public function broadcastOn()
    {
        return new Channel('product-updates');
    }
}

---

Docker 部署方案 (docker-compose.yml)

version: '3.8'

services:
  # 基础设施
  consul:
    image: consul:1.15
    ports: ["8500:8500"]
  
  rabbitmq:
    image: rabbitmq:3-management
    ports: ["5672:5672", "15672:15672"]
  
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus
    volumes: ["./infrastructure/prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml"]
  
  # 微服务
  api-gateway:
    build: ./api-gateway
    ports: ["8000:8000"]
    depends_on: [consul]
  
  auth-service:
    build: ./auth-service
    environment:
      CONSUL_HOST: consul
      JWT_SECRET: ${JWT_SECRET}
  
  order-service:
    build: ./order-service
    environment:
      DB_HOST: order_db
      CONSUL_HOST: consul

---

生产环境监控方案

1. 指标监控：

   # prometheus.yml
   scrape_configs:
     - job_name: 'laravel_metrics'
       metrics_path: '/prometheus/metrics'
       static_configs:
         - targets: ['api-gateway:8000', 'auth-service:8001']
   

2. 日志收集：

   // .env
   LOG_CHANNEL=elastic
   
   // config/logging.php
   'elastic' => [
       'driver' => 'custom',
       'via' => \App\Logging\ElasticsearchLogger::class,
       'host' => env('ELASTIC_HOST'),
   ]
   

3. 告警规则：

   # prometheus/rules.yml
   groups:
     - name: service_errors
       rules:
       - alert: HighErrorRate
         expr: sum(rate(laravel_http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(laravel_http_requests_total[5m])) > 0.1
         for: 10m
   

---

关键优化点

1. 性能优化：

   • 使用 Swoole 替代 PHP-FPM
   • gRPC 替代 HTTP 进行服务通信
   • Redis 缓存查询结果

2. 安全加固：

   // app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
   Gate::define('update-order', function ($user, Order $order) {
       return $user->id === $order->user_id;
   });
   

3. 自动伸缩策略：

   # Kubernetes HPA
   apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
   kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
   spec:
     metrics:
     - type: Resource
       resource:
         name: cpu
         target:
           type: Utilization
           averageUtilization: 70
   

---

部署流程