How to apply a patch/diff and solve “hunk FAILED”, “can’t find file to patch” and others

本文详细介绍了如何使用patch命令来应用补丁文件,并解决了在应用过程中可能出现的各种错误,如找不到要修补的文件、块失败等问题。

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Hi :)

After you read this article, you’ll be able to apply patch files/diffs and deal with possible errors in the process.

Let’s assume the patch is in the file fix-bug.patch (the extension doesn’t matter). The directorysoftware-1.0 contains the files to patch. Applying a patch file/diff then works like this:

  1. Make a backup. On Linux you can use the command:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ cp -a software1.0.before-patch
  2. Run patch (for Windows: patch.exe) like this:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ patch -Np1 -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch

Attention: this is patch minus N p digit one …, not minus N p small letter L!

If the result looks something like this:

markus@ubuntu:~$ patch -Np1 -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch
patching file bar.h
patching file quux.c
patching file foo.txt
markus@ubuntu:~$

then it worked and the patch file applied cleanly.

If you got different messages, they may be just warnings or they may be error messages. In any case the patch may have been applied incorrectly or only partially. To be safe, let’s restore from the backup first. Then we’ll figure out what the warning or error messages mean. To restore for Linux:

markus@ubuntu:~$ rm -rf software-1.0
markus@ubuntu:~$ cp -a software-1.0.before-patch software-1.0

Error messages and how to handle them

And now, here’s a list of messages that may appear. Each message links to a paragraph about what to do when this message appears.

can’t find file to patch at input line nnn. File to patch: or
No file to patch. Skipping patch. n out of n hunks ignored.

At first make sure that you used the right patch command line, as shown above.

If that still didn’t work, try with a higher n in -pn, up until maybe 6 (you can try more, but the chances that the problem is the wrong -p number get slimmer and slimmer :) ). To try, add --dry-run to the command line. With it the patch isn’t actually applied, but you get all the messages as if the patch were really applied. That way you can tell whether there would be any errors, without having to restore from backup every time. Here’s an example for -p2 and with --dry-run:

markus@ubuntu:~$ patch --dry-run -Np2 -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch

-p0 is almost always wrong. It causes patch to ignore subdirectories and assume that all files to patch are in the same directory.

When you get a run without error messages about not finding the file to patch, then you have found the right number for -p. If there are other error messages, find them in the list of error messages. When you get a clean run without error messages, you can repeat without --dry-run to actually apply the patch.

If all the fiddling with -p didn’t help and you still get the same error message, leave a comment :)

Hunk #n FAILED at nnnn out of n hunks FAILED — saving rejects to file file.rej

This means that , called hunks, could not be introduced into the file. There’s , but it’s the easiest : Try adding --ignore-whitespace to the command line like this:

markus@ubuntu:~$ patch -Np1 --ignore-whitespace -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch

If that still gives you errors, it’s probably for another reason: The patch file file was made for a different version of the software than you use. There are with that:

  • Get a patch file for your software version, or use the software version the patch file was made for.
  • Ask patch to ignore the context of a change. Doing that will cause patch to take more risk of applying a change in the wrong place in a file. That means, that the patch may apply fine, but the software doesn’t work correctly after that. Add -F3 to the command line to try that. The command looks like this:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ patch -Np1 -F3 -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch
    
  • Try to manually apply the changes that patch couldn’t apply. See the article How to read a patch or diff and understand its structure to apply it manually for an explanation how to do this.

Hunk #n succeeded at nnn (offset n lines) and
Hunk #n succeeded at nnn with fuzz n.

Usually there’s no problem here and the patch could be applied completely. This message means that the patch file was originally made for a slightly different version of the software than you used. Still, in some cases patch may think it got it right, but really didn’t. If something doesn’t work and you think that the patch may have been applied incorrectly, you can use the same software version that the patch file was made for, or you can try to get a patch file for the software version you’re using.

You can also manually apply the changes in the patch file and use your (uniquely human) capabilities to make sure that the end result still makes sense – something the patch program cannot do ;) . For that see the article How to read a patch or diff and understand its structure to apply it manually.

malformed patch at line nnn

The patch file is damaged. If you copy-pasted the patch from somewhere, be careful not to damage it. A patch file contains spaces at the start of lines, and these ofcopy-paste. The safest bet is to download the patch file. If the browser doesn’t download the patch, but instead displays it, use File -> Save.

If you want to create a patch, you don’t have to write the patch file manually. The program diffdoes that. Short instructions:

  1. Create a copy of the original version of the software. On Linux:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ cp -a software1.0.orig
  2. Modify the software in software-1.0.
  3. Create the patch with diff:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ diff -Naur software-1.0.orig software-1.0 > fix-bug.patch

Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected! Skipping patch.
Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected! Assume -R? [n]

That means that a change in the patch is already in the file. There are several reasons why that could be:

  • The patch author mixed up original and new version. The patch file is now backwards – it creates the old version from the new version. When it finds the old version, patch sees that all changes are already there. Fortunately, patch can apply a patch in reverse. Use the -R option. Here is an example command line:
    markus@ubuntu:~$ patch -RNp1 -d software-1.0 < fix-bug.patch
  • Your software version in fact already contains that patch. Maybe the software authors incorporated the patch already, and you downloaded a version that already contains the changes from that patch.

(Stripping trailing CRs from patch.)

Nothing to worry about here. The patch file applied cleanly and everything will work fine. The most probable cause of this message is that the patch was made on Windows and you are on Linux. Windows and Linux encode line endings differently – Windows ones have an additional CR. The message essentially means that Windows line endings have been converted to Linux line endings. Hackers just usually use hacker jargon when phrasing error messages :)

error message not listed here

Please leave a comment with the error message and if possible a link to the patch and that you want to apply the patch to. I’ll add the error message with an explanation to this list then.

原始地址:http://www.markusbe.com/2009/11/how-to-apply-a-patch-and-solve-hunk-failed-cant-find-file-to-patch-and-others/

<think>好的,用户遇到了一个错误信息:“failed to solve: archive/tar: unknown file mode ?rwxr-xr-x”。我需要先理解这个错误的原因。这个错误看起来和Docker构建过程中处理文件权限有关。用户可能在构建镜像时使用了tar包或者复制文件时出现了问题。 首先,我要考虑这个错误的具体原因。根据错误信息中的“unknown file mode”,可能是在创建或解压tar文件时,文件模式(即权限位)不正确。tar文件的每个条目都有文件权限信息,如果Docker在解压时遇到无法识别的模式,就会报这个错误。 接下来,我需要回忆一下常见的文件权限表示方式。通常,Linux文件权限是用三位或四位的八进制数表示的,比如0755代表rwxr-xr-x。错误中的“?rwxr-xr-x”前面的问号可能表示解析权限时出现了问题,可能是因为权限位被错误地设置成了无效值,比如超过三位或四位,或者包含了非八进制字符。 用户可能在Dockerfile中使用ADD或COPY指令时,复制的文件或目录的权限存在问题。或者他们可能在构建上下文中有符号链接或其他特殊文件,导致tar打包时生成无效的权限信息。 另一个可能性是用户使用的构建工具或脚本在生成tar文件时没有正确处理文件权限,比如在Windows环境下没有正确转换文件模式,或者在跨平台构建时出现了兼容性问题。 我还需要考虑用户的环境。用户是否在Windows、Linux还是macOS上构建Docker镜像?不同的操作系统对文件权限的处理可能不同,尤其是在跨平台构建时。例如,Windows上的Git可能会在检出文件时修改权限,导致在Docker构建时出现问题。 另外,用户是否在Dockerfile中使用了多阶段构建,或者复制了来自其他镜像的文件?有时候,从其他镜像复制的文件可能带有不兼容的权限设置。 接下来,我需要寻找解决方案。首先,检查Dockerfile中的ADD和COPY指令,确保复制的文件或目录的权限正确。如果用户有自定义的tar文件,需要验证其权限是否正确。另外,可以尝试在构建时使用--no-cache选项,排除缓存的影响。 如果用户是在Windows环境下,可能需要检查Git的配置,确保文件权限没有被错误地修改。可以尝试设置git config core.filemode false来禁用权限修改。 此外,检查构建上下文中的文件是否有异常的符号链接或特殊文件,这些可能会导致tar打包错误。可以使用docker build --no-cache -t test .来重新构建,看看是否问题依旧。 如果问题仍然存在,可能需要进一步分析具体的文件和步骤。用户可能需要提供更多的上下文信息,比如Dockerfile的内容,或者构建过程中涉及的具体文件结构。 总结来说,这个错误通常与文件权限处理不当有关,尤其是在跨平台环境或使用特定工具生成tar文件时。解决方案需要根据具体情况调整文件权限、检查构建上下文或修改相关工具的配置。</think>以下是关于 `failed to solve: archive/tar: unknown file mode ?rwxr-xr-x` 错误的详细解析和解决方案: --- ### 错误原因 1. **权限格式不兼容** - 当使用 `Dockerfile` 中的 `ADD`/`COPY` 指令时,Docker 会通过 `tar` 打包上下文文件 - `rwxr-xr-x` 的权限表示法(符号模式)在某些环境下会被错误解析为无效数字模式 2. **跨平台构建问题** - Windows/macOS 与 Linux 文件权限系统的差异 - 通过 Git 克隆仓库时权限被意外修改(常见于 Windows 的 WSL 环境) 3. **特殊文件类型** - 符号链接(symlink)、设备文件等非常规文件类型的存在 - 使用了非标准权限(如 `chmod 4755` 但数值超出范围) --- ### 具体修复方案 #### 方案 1:标准化文件权限(推荐) ```bash # 在构建前修复权限(Linux/macOS/WSL) find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \; # 文件设为 rw-r--r-- find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \; # 目录设为 rwxr-xr-x ``` #### 方案 2:禁用 Git 权限修改 ```bash # 关闭 Git 的权限跟踪(全局配置) git config --global core.filemode false # 重新克隆仓库 rm -rf your-repo && git clone your-repo-url ``` #### 方案 3:排除问题文件 ```dockerfile # 在 .dockerignore 中添加排除项 *.socket *.dev /proc/**/* /sys/**/* ``` #### 方案 4:显式指定权限(Dockerfile) ```dockerfile # 强制覆盖目标权限 COPY --chmod=644 source_file.txt /app/ RUN chmod 755 /app/your_script.sh ``` --- ### 调试技巧 1. **检查文件系统差异** ```bash # 查看实际权限状态 ls -l path/to/suspicious_file stat -c "%a %n" path/to/file ``` 2. **手动打包测试** ```bash # 模拟 Docker 的打包过程 tar -cv --format=posix -f test.tar ./build-context/ tar -tvf test.tar # 检查权限列 ``` 3. **最小化复现** ```bash # 创建一个最小测试用例 mkdir test-case && cd test-case echo "FROM alpine" > Dockerfile touch problem-file docker build --no-cache -t test . ``` --- ### 进阶排查 - **检查文件系统类型** ```bash # 查看挂载点参数(特别注意 noatime 或权限相关选项) mount | grep your/build/directory ``` - **Docker 构建日志分析** ```bash # 启用详细日志输出 DOCKER_BUILDKIT=0 docker build -t debug . 2>&1 | tee build.log grep -i "can't handle file mode" build.log ``` --- ### 典型错误场景案例 #### 案例 1:Windows WSL2 环境 - **现象**:通过 `/mnt/c/` 路径访问 Windows 文件系统 - **修复**:将项目移动到 WSL 的 Linux 原生目录(如 `~/projects/`) #### 案例 2:NFS 共享目录 - **现象**:文件服务器返回非常规权限 - **修复**:在挂载时添加 `noacl` 选项 ```bash mount -t nfs server:/path /local/path -o noacl ``` --- ### 预防措施 1. **统一开发环境** - 建议团队统一使用 Linux 文件系统进行构建 - 使用 Docker 的 `--platform` 参数明确指定目标平台 2. **CI/CD 配置** ```yaml # GitLab CI 示例 variables: GIT_STRATEGY: clone GIT_DEPTH: 1 before_script: - git config --global core.filemode false ``` 3. **文件检查工具** ```bash # 使用 pre-commit 钩子检查权限 # .pre-commit-config.yaml repos: - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks rev: v4.3.0 hooks: - id: check-file-permissions ``` --- 通过以上方法,90% 以上的类似权限错误可以得到解决。如果问题持续存在,建议提供完整的错误日志和 `Dockerfile` 内容进行深度分析。
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