在尝试安装Python的Scrapy库时，遇到了pip下载过程中出现的`HTTPSConnectionPool`读取超时错误。这通常是由于网络连接不稳定或pip源速度慢导致的。为了解决这个问题，可以尝试更换国内的镜像源，如清华大学、阿里云、中科大或豆瓣的镜像，加快下载速度。示例中给出了使用清华大学镜像安装Scrapy的命令，或者可以指定安装Scrapy的特定版本来避免可能的版本冲突问题。
报错信息：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 171, in _merge_into_criterion
crit = self.state.criteria[name]
KeyError: 'scrapy'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 438, in _error_catcher
yield
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 519, in read
data = self._fp.read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
data = self.__fp.read(amt)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/http/client.py", line 462, in read
n = self.readinto(b)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/http/client.py", line 502, in readinto
n = self.fp.readinto(b)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/socket.py", line 575, in readinto
return self._sock.recv_into(b)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/ssl.py", line 929, in recv_into
return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/ssl.py", line 791, in read
return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/ssl.py", line 575, in read
v = self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
socket.timeout: The read operation timed out
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 223, in _main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py", line 180, in wrapper
return func(self, options, args)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 321, in run
reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py", line 122, in resolve
requirements, max_rounds=try_to_avoid_resolution_too_deep,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 453, in resolve
state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 318, in resolve
name, crit = self._merge_into_criterion(r, parent=None)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 173, in _merge_into_criterion
crit = Criterion.from_requirement(self._p, requirement, parent)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 82, in from_requirement
if not cands:
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py", line 124, in __bool__
return bool(self._sequence)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 99, in __bool__
return any(self)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 244, in iter_index_candidates
version=ican.version,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 169, in _make_candidate_from_link
name=name, version=version,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 302, in __init__
version=version,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 144, in __init__
self.dist = self._prepare()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 222, in _prepare
dist = self._prepare_distribution()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 308, in _prepare_distribution
self._ireq, parallel_builds=True,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 480, in prepare_linked_requirement
return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 505, in _prepare_linked_requirement
self.download_dir, hashes,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 257, in unpack_url
hashes=hashes,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 130, in get_http_url
from_path, content_type = download(link, temp_dir.path)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/network/download.py", line 163, in __call__
for chunk in chunks:
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/progress_bars.py", line 168, in iter
for x in it:
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/network/utils.py", line 88, in response_chunks
decode_content=False,
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 576, in stream
data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 541, in read
raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
File "/usr/lib/python3.5/contextlib.py", line 77, in __exit__
self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 443, in _error_catcher
raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.
解决方法：
# 尝试一：添加镜像安装
pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple scrapy
# 尝试二：安装指定版本的库
pip install scrapy==2.4.1
# 其他库的安装以此类推
pip3 install -i + 镜像地址 + py第三方库
各个镜像：
清华大学镜像：https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
阿里云：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中科大镜像：https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
豆瓣镜像：http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
中科大镜像2：http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
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