写JAVA都知道，JAVA里的同学锁有几个类代码，是同步锁，魔法是并发包里的锁（JUC锁）。其中同步锁是JAVA语言文字提供的能力，在这个不展开，本文主要讨论JUC里的ReentrantLock锁。
一 JDK 层
1 AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
ReentrantLock的lock（），unlock（）等API实际上依赖于内部的Synchronizer（注意，不是synchronized）来实现。Synchronizer又分为FairSync和NonfairSync，顾名思义是指公平和非公平。
当调用ReentrantLock的lock方法时，实际上只是简单地转给Synchronizer的lock（）方法：
代码节选自：java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock.java
/** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
private final Sync sync;
/**
* Base of synchronization control for this lock. Subclassed
* into fair and nonfair versions below. Uses AQS state to
* represent the number of holds on the lock.
*/
abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
......
}
public void lock() {
sync.lock();
}
那么这个sync又是什么？我们看到Sync继承自AbstractQueueSynchronizer（AQS），AQS是并发的基石，AQS不实现任何同步接口（比如lock,unlock,countDown等），但它定义了一个并发接口资源控制逻辑的框架（一式了模板方法设计模式），它定义了获取和释放方法用于独占地（独占）获取和释放资源，以及获取共享和释放共享方法用于共享地获取和释放资源。 release用于实现ReentrantLock，而
acquireShared/releaseShared用于实现CountDownLacth，Semaphore。比如acquire的框架如下：
/**
* Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented
* by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquire} until success. This method can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
*/
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
整体逻辑是，先进行一次tryAcquire，成功者，继续啥事了，调用了自己的代码，如果失败，则执行addWaiter和acquireQueued。其中tryAcquire()需要子类根据自己的同步需求进行acquireQueued()和addWaiter()已经由AQS实现。addWai的作用是把当前加入到AQS内部实现的线程，而acquireQueued的作用是当tryAcquire()失败的时候激发线程。
addWaiter 的代码如下：
/**
* Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
*
* @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
* @return the new node
*/
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
//创建节点,设置关联线程和模式(独占或共享)
Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
// Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
Node pred = tail;
// 如果尾节点不为空,说明同步队列已经初始化过
if (pred != null) {
//新节点的前驱节点设置为尾节点
node.prev = pred;
// 设置新节点为尾节点
if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
//老的尾节点的后继节点设置为新的尾节点。 所以同步队列是一个双向列表。
pred.next = node;
return node;
}
}
//如果尾节点为空,说明队列还未初始化,需要初始化head节点并加入新节点
enq(node);
return node;
}
enq(node)的代码如下：
/**
* Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
* @param node the node to insert
* @return node's predecessor
*/
private Node enq(final Node node) {
for (;;) {
Node t = tail;
if (t == null) { // Must initialize
// 如果tail为空,则新建一个head节点,并且tail和head都指向这个head节点
//队列头节点称作“哨兵节点”或者“哑节点”，它不与任何线程关联
if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
tail = head;
} else {
//第二次循环进入这个分支，
node.prev = t;
if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
t.next = node;
return t;
}
}
}
}
addWaiter执行结束后，同步驱动的结构如下所示：
acquireQueued 的代码如下：
/**
* Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
* queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
*
* @param node the node
* @param arg the acquire argument
* @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
*/
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
for (;;) {
//获取当前node的前驱node
final Node p = node.predecessor();
//如果前驱node是head node，说明自己是第一个排队的线程，则尝试获锁
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
//把获锁成功的当前节点变成head node（哑节点）。
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return interrupted;
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
acquireQueued 的逻辑是：
判断自己是不是同步起源中的第一个过程自己的节点，则试点进行锁定，如果成功则将其变成头节点，如下所示：
如果自己不是第一个事件的节点或者tryAcqui失败，则调用shouldParkAfterFailed，其主要逻辑是使用CAS将节点状态由INITIAL设置成SIGNAL，显示当前线程等待SIGNAL。如果设置失败，会中acquire的循环中继续重试，直到设置成功，然后调用parkAndCheckInterrupt方法。parkAndCheckInterrupt的作用是当前线程模拟挂起，等待当前把parkAndCheckInterrupt的需要借助层的能力，这是这一点的重点，在中实现死层判断。
2 重入锁
下面就让我们一起来看看 ReentrantLock 是如何基于AbstractQueueSynchronizer 实现其输入的。
ReentrantLock内部使用的FairSync和NonfairSync，它们都是AQS的子类，比如FairSync的主要代码如下：
/**
* Sync object for fair locks
*/
static final class FairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -3000897897090466540L;
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
/**
* Fair version of tryAcquire. Don't grant access unless
* recursive call or no waiters or is first.
*/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
AQS中最重要的一个领域就是状态，锁和同步器的实现都围绕着这个领域的修改展开。根据自己需要可以对同步状态的意义有不同的定义，并重新对应的tryAcquire、tryRelease或tryAcquireshared、tryReleaseShared等方法来操作同步状态。
我们来看看ReentrantLock的FairSync的tryAcquire的逻辑：
- 如果此时状态（private volatile int state）是0，那么就表示这个时候没有人占有锁。但因为是非锁，所以还要判断自己是首节点，然后才把实验状态设置为1，成功成功那么，就成功占有了锁。compareAndSetState也是通过CAS来实现的。CAS是原子操作，而且state的类型是volatile，所以state的值是线程安全的。
- 如果此时不是状态，那么再判断当前线程是不是锁的主人，如果是的话，则状态会启动，当状态时，会抛错。
- 获得不满足，则返回假，获取锁失败。
至此，整个JAVA语言的实现基本说清楚了，小结一下，框架如下所示：
关于解锁的实现，只有篇幅，还有讨论了，重点分析锁中是如何把当前的场景演示挂起的，上上的unsafe.park（）是如何实现的。
二、JVM层
Unsafe.park和Unsafe.unpark是sun.misc.Unsafe类的原生方法，
public native void unpark(Object var1);
public native void park(boolean var1, long var2);
这两种方法的实现是在JVM的
hotspot/src/share/vm/prims/unsafe.cpp文件中，
UNSAFE_ENTRY(void, Unsafe_Park(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jboolean isAbsolute, jlong time))
UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_Park");
EventThreadPark event;
#ifndef USDT2
HS_DTRACE_PROBE3(hotspot, thread__park__begin, thread->parker(), (int) isAbsolute, time);
#else /* USDT2 */
HOTSPOT_THREAD_PARK_BEGIN(
(uintptr_t) thread->parker(), (int) isAbsolute, time);
#endif /* USDT2 */
JavaThreadParkedState jtps(thread, time != 0);
thread->parker()->park(isAbsolute != 0, time);
#ifndef USDT2
HS_DTRACE_PROBE1(hotspot, thread__park__end, thread->parker());
#else /* USDT2 */
HOTSPOT_THREAD_PARK_END(
(uintptr_t) thread->parker());
#endif /* USDT2 */
if (event.should_commit()) {
const oop obj = thread->current_park_blocker();
if (time == 0) {
post_thread_park_event(&event, obj, min_jlong, min_jlong);
} else {
if (isAbsolute != 0) {
post_thread_park_event(&event, obj, min_jlong, time);
} else {
post_thread_park_event(&event, obj, time, min_jlong);
}
}
}
UNSAFE_END
核心是逻辑是thread->parker()->park(isAbsolute != 0, time); 就是获取java线程的parker对象，然后执行它的park方法。
class Parker : public os::PlatformParker {
private:
volatile int _counter ;
...
public:
void park(bool isAbsolute, jlong time);
void unpark();
...
}
class PlatformParker : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
protected:
enum {
REL_INDEX = 0,
ABS_INDEX = 1
};
int _cur_index; // which cond is in use: -1, 0, 1
pthread_mutex_t _mutex [1] ;
pthread_cond_t _cond [2] ; // one for relative times and one for abs.
public: // TODO-FIXME: make dtor private
~PlatformParker() { guarantee (0, "invariant") ; }
public:
PlatformParker() {
int status;
status = pthread_cond_init (&_cond[REL_INDEX], os::Linux::condAttr());
assert_status(status == 0, status, "cond_init rel");
status = pthread_cond_init (&_cond[ABS_INDEX], NULL);
assert_status(status == 0, status, "cond_init abs");
status = pthread_mutex_init (_mutex, NULL);
assert_status(status == 0, status, "mutex_init");
_cur_index = -1; // mark as unused
}
};
公园方法：
void Parker::park(bool isAbsolute, jlong time) {
// Return immediately if a permit is available.
// We depend on Atomic::xchg() having full barrier semantics
// since we are doing a lock-free update to _counter.
if (Atomic::xchg(0, &_counter) > 0) return;
Thread* thread = Thread::current();
assert(thread->is_Java_thread(), "Must be JavaThread");
JavaThread *jt = (JavaThread *)thread;
if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false)) {
return;
}
// Next, demultiplex/decode time arguments
timespec absTime;
if (time < 0 || (isAbsolute && time == 0) ) { // don't wait at all
return;
}
if (time > 0) {
unpackTime(&absTime, isAbsolute, time);
}
////进入safepoint region，更改线程为阻塞状态
ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(jt);
// Don't wait if cannot get lock since interference arises from
// unblocking. Also. check interrupt before trying wait
if (Thread::is_interrupted(thread, false) || pthread_mutex_trylock(_mutex) != 0) {
//如果线程被中断，或者尝试给互斥变量加锁时失败，比如被其它线程锁住了，直接返回
return;
}
//到这里，意味着pthread_mutex_trylock(_mutex)成功
int status ;
if (_counter > 0) { // no wait needed
_counter = 0;
status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex);
assert (status == 0, "invariant") ;
OrderAccess::fence();
return;
}
#ifdef ASSERT
// Don't catch signals while blocked; let the running threads have the signals.
// (This allows a debugger to break into the running thread.)
sigset_t oldsigs;
sigset_t* allowdebug_blocked = os::Linux::allowdebug_blocked_signals();
pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, allowdebug_blocked, &oldsigs);
#endif
OSThreadWaitState osts(thread->osthread(), false /* not Object.wait() */);
jt->set_suspend_equivalent();
// cleared by handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition() or java_suspend_self()
assert(_cur_index == -1, "invariant");
if (time == 0) {
_cur_index = REL_INDEX; // arbitrary choice when not timed
status = pthread_cond_wait (&_cond[_cur_index], _mutex) ;
} else {
_cur_index = isAbsolute ? ABS_INDEX : REL_INDEX;
status = os::Linux::safe_cond_timedwait (&_cond[_cur_index], _mutex, &absTime) ;
if (status != 0 && WorkAroundNPTLTimedWaitHang) {
pthread_cond_destroy (&_cond[_cur_index]) ;
pthread_cond_init (&_cond[_cur_index], isAbsolute ? NULL : os::Linux::condAttr());
}
}
_cur_index = -1;
assert_status(status == 0 || status == EINTR ||
status == ETIME || status == ETIMEDOUT,
status, "cond_timedwait");
#ifdef ASSERT
pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldsigs, NULL);
#endif
_counter = 0 ;
status = pthread_mutex_unlock(_mutex) ;
assert_status(status == 0, status, "invariant") ;
// Paranoia to ensure our locked and lock-free paths interact
// correctly with each other and Java-level accesses.
OrderAccess::fence();
// If externally suspended while waiting, re-suspend
if (jt->handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition()) {
jt->java_suspend_self();
}
}
park的思路：parker内部有关键字段_计数器，一个计数器记录的“许可”，当_计数器大于0时，有许可，然后就可以把_计数器设置为0，是获得了许可，可以继续运行过去的代码。如果此时_计数器不大于0，则等待这个条件满足。
下面我具体来看看公园的具体实现：
- 当调用park，先尝试可能成功实现“许可”，即，如果，则把_counter设置为0，并返回。
- 如果不成功，则将线程的设置成_thread_in_vm并且_thread_blocked。_thread_in_vm表示线程当前在JVM中执行，_thread_blocked表示线程状态当前模式了。
- mutex之后，再次检查_counter是不是>0，如果是，则把_counter设置为0，解锁mutex并返回
- 如果_counter还是不大于0，则判断等待的时间等于0，然后调用相应的pthread_cond_wait系列函数进行等待，如果等待返回（即有人进行unpark，则pthread_cond_signal来通知），则把_counter设置为0，解锁互斥并返回。
所以上本质原因，LockSupport.park是通过pthread库的条件pthread_cond_t来实现的。下面我们就来看看pthread_cond_t是怎么实现的。
三 GLIBC 层
pthread_cond_t 典型的用法如下：
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; /*初始化互斥锁*/
pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER; //初始化条件变量
void *thread1(void *);
void *thread2(void *);
int i=1;
int main(void)
{
pthread_t t_a;
pthread_t t_b;
pthread_create(&t_a,NULL,thread1,(void *)NULL);/*创建进程t_a*/
pthread_create(&t_b,NULL,thread2,(void *)NULL); /*创建进程t_b*/
pthread_join(t_b, NULL);/*等待进程t_b结束*/
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);
exit(0);
}
void *thread1(void *junk)
{
for(i=1;i<=9;i++)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);//
if(i%3==0)
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);/*条件改变，发送信号，通知t_b进程*/
else
printf("thead1:%d/n",i);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);//*解锁互斥量*/
printf("Up Unlock Mutex/n");
sleep(1);
}
}
void *thread2(void *junk)
{
while(i<9)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
if(i%3!=0)
pthread_cond_wait(&cond,&mutex);/*等待*/
printf("thread2:%d/n",i);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
printf("Down Ulock Mutex/n");
sleep(1);
}
}
重点就是：无论是
pthread_cond_waitpthread_cond_signal都必须得先pthread_mutex_lock。如果没有这个保护，可能会产生竞态条件，漏掉信号。pthread_cond_wait()函数一进入wait状态会自动释放互斥锁。当其他线程通过pthread_cond_signal或pthread_cond_broadcast 使该线程启动，使 pthread_cond_wait()返回时，该线程又自动获得该互斥锁。
整个过程如下图所示：
1 pthread_mutex_lock
例如，在Linux中，使用了一个Futex（快速用户空间互斥锁的部分）的。
在此系统中，对用户空间中的互斥启动原子和测试操作。
如果操作结果证明锁上没有争用，则对pthread_mutex_lock的调用将返回，而无需可以通信到内核中，因此获得互斥量的操作非常快。
仅当检测到争用时，系统调用（以后futex）才会发生，并且上下文切换到内核中，使这调用进程进入睡眠状态，直到解除互锁直到。
还有很多更多的细节，尤其是可以相信和/或优先级继承反对，但这只是它的本质。
nptl/pthread_mutex_lock.c
int
PTHREAD_MUTEX_LOCK (pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
/* See concurrency notes regarding mutex type which is loaded from __kind
in struct __pthread_mutex_s in sysdeps/nptl/bits/thread-shared-types.h. */
unsigned int type = PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE_ELISION (mutex);
LIBC_PROBE (mutex_entry, 1, mutex);
if (__builtin_expect (type & ~(PTHREAD_MUTEX_KIND_MASK_NP
| PTHREAD_MUTEX_ELISION_FLAGS_NP), 0))
return __pthread_mutex_lock_full (mutex);
if (__glibc_likely (type == PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP))
{
FORCE_ELISION (mutex, goto elision);
simple:
/* Normal mutex. */
LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_OPTIMIZED (mutex);
assert (mutex->__data.__owner == 0);
}
#if ENABLE_ELISION_SUPPORT
else if (__glibc_likely (type == PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_ELISION_NP))
{
elision: __attribute__((unused))
/* This case can never happen on a system without elision,
as the mutex type initialization functions will not
allow to set the elision flags. */
/* Don't record owner or users for elision case. This is a
tail call. */
return LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_ELISION (mutex);
}
#endif
else if (__builtin_expect (PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE (mutex)
== PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP, 1))
{
/* Recursive mutex. */
pid_t id = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, tid);
/* Check whether we already hold the mutex. */
if (mutex->__data.__owner == id)
{
/* Just bump the counter. */
if (__glibc_unlikely (mutex->__data.__count + 1 == 0))
/* Overflow of the counter. */
return EAGAIN;
++mutex->__data.__count;
return 0;
}
/* We have to get the mutex. */
LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_OPTIMIZED (mutex);
assert (mutex->__data.__owner == 0);
mutex->__data.__count = 1;
}
else if (__builtin_expect (PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE (mutex)
== PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP, 1))
{
if (LLL_MUTEX_TRYLOCK (mutex) != 0)
{
int cnt = 0;
int max_cnt = MIN (max_adaptive_count (),
mutex->__data.__spins * 2 + 10);
do
{
if (cnt++ >= max_cnt)
{
LLL_MUTEX_LOCK (mutex);
break;
}
atomic_spin_nop ();
}
while (LLL_MUTEX_TRYLOCK (mutex) != 0);
mutex->__data.__spins += (cnt - mutex->__data.__spins) / 8;
}
assert (mutex->__data.__owner == 0);
}
else
{
pid_t id = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, tid);
assert (PTHREAD_MUTEX_TYPE (mutex) == PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP);
/* Check whether we already hold the mutex. */
if (__glibc_unlikely (mutex->__data.__owner == id))
return EDEADLK;
goto simple;
}
pid_t id = THREAD_GETMEM (THREAD_SELF, tid);
/* Record the ownership. */
mutex->__data.__owner = id;
#ifndef NO_INCR
++mutex->__data.__nusers;
#endif
LIBC_PROBE (mutex_acquired, 1, mutex);
return 0;
}
pthread_mutex_t 的定义如下：
typedef union
{
struct __pthread_mutex_s
{
int __lock;
unsigned int __count;
int __owner;
unsigned int __nusers;
int __kind;
int __spins;
__pthread_list_t __list;
} __data;
......
} pthread_mutex_t;
__一种类型是指锁的类型，取值如下：
/* Mutex types. */
enum
{
PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP
#if defined __USE_UNIX98 || defined __USE_XOPEN2K8
,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL = PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE = PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK = PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP,
PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT = PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
#endif
#ifdef __USE_GNU
/* For compatibility. */
, PTHREAD_MUTEX_FAST_NP = PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP
#endif
};
其中：
- PTHREAD_MU_TIMED_NP，这是一种值，也就是普通锁。
- PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE_NP允许可重入锁，一个线程对同一个锁成功获得多次，并通过多次解锁重启。
- PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK_NP，检错锁，如果同一个线程重复请求同一个锁，则返回EDEADLK，否则与PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP类型相同。
- PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP，惯锁，自旋锁与普通锁的混合。
互斥体默认使用的是 PTHREAD_MUTEX_TIMED_NP，所以会走 LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_OPTIMIZED，这是个宏：
# define LLL_MUTEX_LOCK_OPTIMIZED(mutex) lll_mutex_lock_optimized (mutex)
lll_mutex_lock_optimized (pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
{
/* The single-threaded optimization is only valid for private
mutexes. For process-shared mutexes, the mutex could be in a
shared mapping, so synchronization with another process is needed
even without any threads. If the lock is already marked as
acquired, POSIX requires that pthread_mutex_lock deadlocks for
normal mutexes, so skip the optimization in that case as
well. */
int private = PTHREAD_MUTEX_PSHARED (mutex);
if (private == LLL_PRIVATE && SINGLE_THREAD_P && mutex->__data.__lock == 0)
mutex->__data.__lock = 1;
else
lll_lock (mutex->__data.__lock, private);
}
因为不是LLL_PRIVATE，所以走lll_lock，lll_lock也是个宏：
#define lll_lock(futex, private) \
__lll_lock (&(futex), private)
注意这里出现了文字，本文的重点主要是围绕它展开的。
#define __lll_lock(futex, private) \
((void) \
({ \
int *__futex = (futex); \
if (__glibc_unlikely \
(atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq (__futex, 1, 0))) \
{ \
if (__builtin_constant_p (private) && (private) == LLL_PRIVATE) \
__lll_lock_wait_private (__futex); \
else \
__lll_lock_wait (__futex, private); \
} \
}))
其中，
atomic_compare_and_exchange_bool_acq是实验如下通过原子操作实验将__futex（mutex->__data.__lock）从0变为1，如果成功就直接返回了，如果失败，则调用__lll_lock_wait，代码：
void
__lll_lock_wait (int *futex, int private)
{
if (atomic_load_relaxed (futex) == 2)
goto futex;
while (atomic_exchange_acquire (futex, 2) != 0)
{
futex:
LIBC_PROBE (lll_lock_wait, 1, futex);
futex_wait ((unsigned int *) futex, 2, private); /* Wait if *futex == 2. */
}
}
在这里先要说明一下，pthread将futex的锁状态定义为3种：
- 0，代表当前锁开启无锁，可以进行快速上锁，无需进门。
- 1，代表有线程抓住当前锁，如果有线程线程需要上锁，就必须标记futex为“锁竞争”，然后通过futex系统调用进内核把当前线程挂起。
- 2，更换锁竞争，有其他线程将要或正在内核的futex系统中等待锁定。
上锁失败进入到__lll_lock_wait后，先判断futex是不是等于2，那么说明大家都在这里所以如果你也排着吧（直接跳转到futex_wait）。如果不等于2，那说明你是第一个来设置自己的人，把futex 2，告诉对方来的人要结婚，然后以身作则先结婚。
futex_wait 就是调用futex系统调用在第四节，我们就来仔细分析这个系统。
2 pthread_cond_wait
本质也是需要futex系统调用，只有篇幅不展开了。
四面层
什么时候加入内核的？
简单简单，futex 的解决思路是：在无战斗的情况下操作完全在用户空间进行，无需系统调用，仅在发生或者发生的时候就进入昏迷去完成相应的处理（等待醒来）。所以说，futex是一种用户模式和内核模式混合的同步机制，需要两种模式合作才能完成，futex创建位于用户空间，而不是代码内核对象，futex的也分为用户模式和内核模式两部分，无竞争的情况下在用户模式，发生竞争时则通过sys_futex系统调用进入内核模式进行处理。
已经在前面演示用户了，本节重点讲解futex在内核部分的实现。
futex 设计了三个基本数据结构：futex_hash_bucket，futex_key，futex_q。
struct futex_hash_bucket {
atomic_t waiters;
spinlock_t lock;
struct plist_head chain;
} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
struct futex_q {
struct plist_node list;
struct task_struct *task;
spinlock_t *lock_ptr;
union futex_key key; //唯一标识uaddr的key值
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state;
struct rt_mutex_waiter *rt_waiter;
union futex_key *requeue_pi_key;
u32 bitset;
};
union futex_key {
struct {
unsigned long pgoff;
struct inode *inode;
int offset;
} shared;
struct {
unsigned long address;
struct mm_struct *mm;
int offset;
} private;
struct {
unsigned long word;
void *ptr;
int offset;
} both;
};
其实还有个struct __futex_data，如下所示，这个
static struct {
struct futex_hash_bucket *queues;
unsigned long hashsize;
} __futex_data __read_mostly __aligned(2*sizeof(long));
#define futex_queues (__futex_data.queues)
#define futex_hashsize (__futex_data.hashsize)
在futex初始化的时候（futex_init），会确定hashsize，比如24核cpu时，hashsize = 8192。然后根据这个hashsize调用alloc_large_system_hash分配数组空间，并初始化数组元素里的相关属性，比如plist_head，lock。
static int __init futex_init(void)
{
unsigned int futex_shift;
unsigned long i;
#if CONFIG_BASE_SMALL
futex_hashsize = 16;
#else
futex_hashsize = roundup_pow_of_two(256 * num_possible_cpus());
#endif
futex_queues = alloc_large_system_hash("futex", sizeof(*futex_queues),
futex_hashsize, 0,
futex_hashsize < 256 ? HASH_SMALL : 0,
&futex_shift, NULL,
futex_hashsize, futex_hashsize);
futex_hashsize = 1UL << futex_shift;
futex_detect_cmpxchg();
for (i = 0; i < futex_hashsize; i++) {
atomic_set(&futex_queues[i].waiters, 0);
plist_head_init(&futex_queues[i].chain);
spin_lock_init(&futex_queues[i].lock);
}
return 0;
}
这些数据结构之间的关系如下所示：
脑子里有了数据结构，流程就容易理解了。futex_wait的总体流程如下：
static int futex_wait(u32 __user *uaddr, unsigned int flags, u32 val,
ktime_t *abs_time, u32 bitset)
{
struct hrtimer_sleeper timeout, *to = NULL;
struct restart_block *restart;
struct futex_hash_bucket *hb;
struct futex_q q = futex_q_init;
int ret;
if (!bitset)
return -EINVAL;
q.bitset = bitset;
if (abs_time) {
to = &timeout;
hrtimer_init_on_stack(&to->timer, (flags & FLAGS_CLOCKRT) ?
CLOCK_REALTIME : CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
HRTIMER_MODE_ABS);
hrtimer_init_sleeper(to, current);
hrtimer_set_expires_range_ns(&to->timer, *abs_time,
current->timer_slack_ns);
}
retry:
/*
* Prepare to wait on uaddr. On success, holds hb lock and increments
* q.key refs.
*/
ret = futex_wait_setup(uaddr, val, flags, &q, &hb);
if (ret)
goto out;
/* queue_me and wait for wakeup, timeout, or a signal. */
futex_wait_queue_me(hb, &q, to);
/* If we were woken (and unqueued), we succeeded, whatever. */
ret = 0;
/* unqueue_me() drops q.key ref */
if (!unqueue_me(&q))
goto out;
ret = -ETIMEDOUT;
if (to && !to->task)
goto out;
/*
* We expect signal_pending(current), but we might be the
* victim of a spurious wakeup as well.
*/
if (!signal_pending(current))
goto retry;
ret = -ERESTARTSYS;
if (!abs_time)
goto out;
restart = ¤t->restart_block;
restart->fn = futex_wait_restart;
restart->futex.uaddr = uaddr;
restart->futex.val = val;
restart->futex.time = *abs_time;
restart->futex.bitset = bitset;
restart->futex.flags = flags | FLAGS_HAS_TIMEOUT;
ret = -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK;
out:
if (to) {
hrtimer_cancel(&to->timer);
destroy_hrtimer_on_stack(&to->timer);
}
return ret;
}
函数futex_wait_setup主要做两件事，一是对uaddr进行hash，找到futex_hash_bucket并获取它上面的自旋锁，二是判断*uaddr是否为预期值。如果没有被录取立即返回，由用户状态继续trylock。
*
* futex_wait_setup() - Prepare to wait on a futex
* @uaddr: the futex userspace address
* @val: the expected value
* @flags: futex flags (FLAGS_SHARED, etc.)
* @q: the associated futex_q
* @hb: storage for hash_bucket pointer to be returned to caller
*
* Setup the futex_q and locate the hash_bucket. Get the futex value and
* compare it with the expected value. Handle atomic faults internally.
* Return with the hb lock held and a q.key reference on success, and unlocked
* with no q.key reference on failure.
*
* Return:
* - 0 - uaddr contains val and hb has been locked;
* - <1 - -EFAULT or -EWOULDBLOCK (uaddr does not contain val) and hb is unlocked
*/
static int futex_wait_setup(u32 __user *uaddr, u32 val, unsigned int flags,
struct futex_q *q, struct futex_hash_bucket **hb)
{
u32 uval;
int ret;
retry:
//初始化futex_q， 把uaddr设置到futex_key的字段中，将来futex_wake时也是通过这个key来查找futex。
ret = get_futex_key(uaddr, flags & FLAGS_SHARED, &q->key, VERIFY_READ);
if (unlikely(ret != 0))
return ret;
retry_private:
//根据key计算hash，然后在数组里找到对应的futex_hash_bucket
*hb = queue_lock(q);
//原子地将uaddr的值读到uval中
ret = get_futex_value_locked(&uval, uaddr);
if (ret) {
queue_unlock(*hb);
ret = get_user(uval, uaddr);
if (ret)
goto out;
if (!(flags & FLAGS_SHARED))
goto retry_private;
put_futex_key(&q->key);
goto retry;
}
//如果当前uaddr指向的值不等于val，即说明其他进程修改了
//uaddr指向的值，等待条件不再成立，不用阻塞直接返回。
if (uval != val) {
queue_unlock(*hb);
ret = -EWOULDBLOCK;
}
out:
if (ret)
put_futex_key(&q->key);
return ret;
}
然后调用futex_wait_queue_me 把当前进程挂起：
/**
* futex_wait_queue_me() - queue_me() and wait for wakeup, timeout, or signal
* @hb: the futex hash bucket, must be locked by the caller
* @q: the futex_q to queue up on
* @timeout: the prepared hrtimer_sleeper, or null for no timeout
*/
static void futex_wait_queue_me(struct futex_hash_bucket *hb, struct futex_q *q,
struct hrtimer_sleeper *timeout)
{
/*
* The task state is guaranteed to be set before another task can
* wake it. set_current_state() is implemented using smp_store_mb() and
* queue_me() calls spin_unlock() upon completion, both serializing
* access to the hash list and forcing another memory barrier.
*/
set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
queue_me(q, hb);
/* Arm the timer */
if (timeout)
hrtimer_start_expires(&timeout->timer, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS);
/*
* If we have been removed from the hash list, then another task
* has tried to wake us, and we can skip the call to schedule().
*/
if (likely(!plist_node_empty(&q->list))) {
/*
* If the timer has already expired, current will already be
* flagged for rescheduling. Only call schedule if there
* is no timeout, or if it has yet to expire.
*/
if (!timeout || timeout->task)
freezable_schedule();
}
__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
}
futex_wait_queue_me我主要做几件事：
- 将当前线程插入到延迟，就是挂到futex_hash_bucket上
- 启动定时任务
- 主动触发进程调度
五总结
本文主要是对JAVA中的ReentrantLock.lock流程进行了自上而下的极限。
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