2009年1月开发语言排行榜

进入新的一年2009年1月的开发语言榜单又出来了，JAVA ，C语言，C ++ 依然占据前三，但JAVA和08年12月相比又有略微下降，而C语言，C++势头很猛，不明白这是为什么

 

TIOBE Programming Community Index for January 2009

January Headline: C is the TIOBE Programming Language of 2008!

The TIOBE Programming Community index gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. The popular search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo!, and YouTube are used to calculate the ratings. Observe that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.

The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.

Position Jan 2009	Position Jan 2008	Delta in Position	Programming Language	Ratings Jan 2009	Delta Jan 2008	Status
1	1		Java	19.022%	-1.83%	A
2	2		C	15.931%	+2.01%	A
3	5		C++	10.116%	+1.39%	A
4	3		(Visual) Basic	9.161%	-1.80%	A
5	4		PHP	8.882%	-0.31%	A
6	8		C#	5.609%	+0.75%	A
7	6		Python	4.731%	-0.81%	A
8	7		Perl	4.303%	-0.94%	A
9	10		JavaScript	3.360%	+0.16%	A
10	9		Delphi	3.303%	-0.03%	A
11	11		Ruby	3.149%	+0.80%	A
12	14		D	1.022%	-0.15%	A
13	12		PL/SQL	1.006%	-0.22%	A
14	13		SAS	0.797%	-0.41%	A
15	18		Pascal	0.661%	+0.21%	B
16	20		Logo	0.632%	+0.25%	B
17	15		COBOL	0.579%	-0.35%	B
18	28		ABAP	0.537%	+0.34%	B
19	17		FoxPro/xBase	0.477%	-0.03%	B
20	21		ActionScript	0.455%	+0.11%	B

 

Long term trends

The long term trends for the top 10 programming languages can be found in the line diagram below.

 

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Other programming languages

The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com.

Position	Programming Language	Ratings
21	RPG (OS/400)	0.451%
22	Lua	0.445%
23	Lisp/Scheme	0.433%
24	MATLAB	0.430%
25	Ada	0.327%
26	Fortran	0.324%
27	LabVIEW	0.251%
28	Prolog	0.221%
29	Erlang	0.195%
30	Awk	0.189%
31	NXT-G	0.184%
32	PowerShell	0.172%
33	Transact-SQL	0.172%
34	Scratch	0.164%
35	Haskell	0.162%
36	Euphoria	0.152%
37	Objective-C	0.138%
38	Groovy	0.135%
39	Alice	0.132%
40	ML	0.131%
41	Focus	0.124%
42	CL (OS/400)	0.123%
43	Tcl/Tk	0.120%
44	Smalltalk	0.117%
45	Scala	0.113%
46	Bourne shell	0.112%
47	Q	0.104%
48	Forth	0.101%
49	Caml	0.092%
50	Natural	0.088%

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The Next 50 Programming Languages

The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).

 

• ABC, AD, Algol, Alpha, APL, Applescript, bc, Beta, Boo, C shell, cg, Ch, Clean, cT, Curl, Dylan, Eiffel, Factor, Icon, IDL, Inform, Io, J, Lingo, MAD, Magic, Maple, Mathematica, MOO, MUMPS, Occam, Oz, PILOT, PL/I, Postscript, PowerBuilder, Progress, R, REALbasic, Revolution, REXX, S-lang, SIGNAL, SPSS, Squirrel, SuperCollider, VBScript, Verilog, VHDL, XSLT

 

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January Newsflash - Brought to you by Paul Jansen

• The programming language C has become TIOBE's programming language of the year 2008. This award is given to the programming language with the highest positive difference in ratings in one year time. C had an increase of 2.01% in 2008, whereas runner ups C++, Ruby and C# had an increase of +1.39%, +0.80% and +0.75%, respectively. C's victory came as a great surprise to me. The only possible reasons I could think of are:
  • The C programming language is quite popular in the gaming industry because it is close to the machine. The gaming industry is one of the fastest growing software industries.
  • Although announced many times, the embedded software world has still not yet embraced C++ as the language to write code in. C remains the favorite language by far. There is no reason to abandon C in favor of another language in this field.
  • The C and C++ programming languages had a huge dip in the TIOBE index at the end of 2007. So it was relatively easy to have a good score at the end of 2008. The long-term trend for C and C++ is still down, however. To illustrate this, have a look at the top 10+1 of the TIOBE index compared to 5 years ago.
  
  
  

  Position Jan 2009	Position Jan 2004	Delta in Position	Programming Language	Ratings Jan 2009	Delta Jan 2004
  1	1		Java	19.022%	-4.55%
  2	2		C	15.931%	-2.67%
  3	3		C++	10.116%	-5.97%
  4	5		(Visual) Basic	9.161%	+0.61%
  5	6		PHP	8.882%	+2.57%
  6	7		C#	5.609%	+3.81%
  7	9		Python	4.731%	+3.61%
  8	4		Perl	4.303%	-5.30%
  9	8		JavaScript	3.360%	+1.61%
  10	10		Delphi	3.303%	+2.50%
  11	23		Ruby	3.149%	+2.99%

  
  
• Craig Waszak asked me to list the previous winners of the TIOBE index. The hall of fame so to speak. Here they are.
  
  

  Year	Winner
  2007	Python
  2006	Ruby
  2005	Java
  2004	PHP
  2003	C++

• What are the current trends? The 5 year table above shows some long-term trends. C++, Java and Perl have definitely lost some ground the last 5 years, whereas C#, Python and Ruby are the winners. An interesting question is whether Java is going to be surpassed by another language soon. I don't think so. Java is declining, that is for sure, but there is no other programming language to be expected to take over the first place the next couple of years.
• A more general trend is that visual programming languages are getting really popular. There is a demand for these programming languages to help teaching children the elementals of software engineering at a very young age. Logo is now part of the top 20, NXT-G of Lego Mindstorms is new this year at position 31, Scratch from MIT is new this year at position 34, and Alice from Carnegie-Mellon university is new this year at position 39. Three brand new languages in one year being part of the first 40 languages of the list, that can't be a coincidence!
• Other prominent languages of 2008 are Erlang (from #48 to #29), Powershell (from #59 to #32), and Euphoria (from #69 to #36). Powershell had a top 20 position for a couple of months in 2008 but couldn't keep that position.
• What about the forecasts for 2008 I made last year? I predicted that C, C++ and Perl would go down and Groovy and ActionScript would become the new languages in the top 20. Except for Perl and ActionScript, this was plain wrong (ahum). Despite these incorrect predictions, here is another try for 2009. Expected winners for 2009 are Python because of its strong growth in the webserver market, Erlang thanks to its language built-in support for multi-core systems and C# since it is currently at an all-time high and still growing. I think that the languages PHP (security issues) and Ruby (hype seems over) will have a hard time in 2009.
• The following change requests have been approved this month:
  • Start monitoring the programming language J (thanks to Andre Taffarello)
  • Add MacRuby to the Ruby grouping (thanks to Rich Morin)
  • Add PowerBasic, ThinBasic, and FreeBasic to the Basic grouping (thanks to Eros Olmi)
  • Start monitoring the programming language Scratch (thanks to John Maloney and Brian Harvey)
  • Start monitoring the programming language Clojure (thanks to Piotr Wlodarek and Habib Ur)

• In the tables below some long term trends are listed about categories of languages. The object-oriented paradigm is still very high with 55.8%. The popularity of dynamically typed languages seems to stabilize (see trend diagram below).
  
  

  Category	Ratings January 2009	Delta January 2008
  Object-Oriented Languages	55.8%	+0.0%
  Procedural Languages	40.3%	-0.3%
  Functional Languages	2.7%	+0.4%
  Logical Languages	1.1%	-0.2%

  
  
  

  Category	Ratings January 2009	Delta January 2008
  Statically Typed Languages	58.8%	+2.9%
  Dynamically Typed Languages	41.2%	-2.9%

   

  

 

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Frequently Asked Questions

• Q: What definition of programming languages has been used?
  
  

  A: A language is considered a programming language if it is Turing complete. As a consequence, HTML and XML are not considered programming languages. This also holds for data query language SQL. SQL is not a programming language because it is, for instance, impossible to write an infinite loop in it. On the other hand, SQL extensions PL/SQL and Transact-SQL are programming languages. ASP and ASP.NET are also not programming languages because they make use of other languages such as JavaScript and VBScript or .NET compatible languages. The same is true for frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, Cocoa, and technologies such as AJAX. Finally, we have also excluded assembly languages, although Turing complete, because they have a very different nature.

• Q: How are dialects of languages grouped?

  A: Some languages are grouped together because they are very similar to each other. An example is the language entry Basic which covers Visual Basic, QBasic, Microsoft Basic, etc. VB.NET has been added as well to the Visual Basic entry because it is often referred to as Visual Basic. The ratings for a collection of languages is calculated by taking the maximum of all individual entries (not its sum!).

• Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?

  A: This is OK provided that you refer to its original source: www.tiobe.com.

• Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?

  A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 1,500 US$ for the complete data set. This might seem a lot of money but it is considered strategic data. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages at least 10 times per month. The data are availabe in comma separated format. Part of the deal is that new data will be send to you for 1 extra year. Please contact sales@tiobe.com for more information.

• Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?

  A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.

• Q: Why is YouTube used as a search engine for the TIOBE index?

  A: First of all, YouTube counts only for 7% of all ratings, so it has hardly any influence on the index. YouTube has been added as an experiment. It qualified for the TIOBE index because of its high ranking on Alexa. YouTube is a young platform (so an indicator for popularity) and there are quite some lectures, presentations, programming tips and language introductions available on YouTube.