Marker Interface

本文解释了Java中标记接口的概念及其用途。标记接口虽无方法定义,但可通过实现这些接口为类打上特定标签,如Cloneable、Serializable等。这些接口用于表明类具备某种特性,并允许Java编译器进行类型检查。
Marker interface having no methods right.. then what is the use of marker interface? for what purpose we use marker interface?

One of the "clean" features of the Java programming language is that it mandates a separation between interfaces (pure behavior) and classes (state and behavior). Interfaces are used in Java to specify the behavior of derived classes.
Often you will come across interfaces in Java that have no behavior. In other words, they are just empty interface definitions. These are known as marker interfaces. Some examples of marker interfaces in the Java API include:


- java,lang.Cloneable
- java,io.Serializable
- java.util.EventListener

Marker interfaces are also called "tag" interfaces since they tag all the derived classes into a category based on their purpose. For example, all classes that implement the Cloneable interface can be cloned (i.e., the clone() method can be called on them). The Java compiler checks to make sure that if the clone() method is called on a class and the class implements the Cloneable interface. For example, consider the following call to the clone() method on an object o:

SomeObject o = new SomeObject();
SomeObject ref = (SomeObject)(o.clone());

If the class SomeObject does not implement the interface Cloneable (and Cloneable is not implemented by any of the superclasses that SomeObject inherits from), the compiler will mark this line as an error. This is because the clone() method may only be called by objects of type "Cloneable." Hence, even though Cloneable is an empty interface, it serves an important purpose.
springboot项目单元测试时,报java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext for [WebMergedContextConfiguration@727320fa testClass = com.example.lpro.mybatisPlus.api.SyUserControllerTest, locations = [], classes = [com.example.lpro.LProApplication], contextInitializerClasses = [], activeProfiles = [], propertySourceDescriptors = [], propertySourceProperties = ["org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper=true"], contextCustomizers = [[ImportsContextCustomizer@2935fd2c key = [@org.springframework.context.annotation.Import(value={org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScannerRegistrar.class}), @org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScan(annotationClass=java.lang.annotation.Annotation.class, basePackageClasses={}, basePackages={"com.example.lpro.mapper"}, defaultScope="", factoryBean=org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperFactoryBean.class, lazyInitialization="", markerInterface=java.lang.Class.class, nameGenerator=org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanNameGenerator.class, processPropertyPlaceHolders=true, sqlSessionFactoryRef="", sqlSessionTemplateRef="", value={"com.example.lpro.mapper"}), @org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest(args={}, classes={}, properties={}, useMainMethod=NEVER, value={}, webEnvironment=MOCK), @org.apiguardian.api.API(consumers={"*"}, since="5.0", status=STABLE), @org.springframework.test.context.BootstrapWith(value=org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper.class)]], org.springframework.boot.test.context.filter.ExcludeFilterContextCustomizer@68c9133c, org.springframework.boot.test.json.DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizerFactory$DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizer@5b218417, org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockitoContextCustomizer@0, org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplateContextCustomizer@6c284af, org.springframework.boot.test.web.reactor.netty.DisableReactorResourceFactoryGlobalResourcesContextCustomizerFactory$DisableReactorResourceFactoryGlobalResourcesContextCustomizerCustomizer@6be968ce, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.OnFailureConditionReportContextCustomizerFactory$OnFailureConditionReportContextCustomizer@1033576a, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.actuate.observability.ObservabilityContextCustomizerFactory$DisableObservabilityContextCustomizer@1f, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.properties.PropertyMappingContextCustomizer@0, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebDriverContextCustomizer@6c4906d3, org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestAnnotation@129c1300], resourceBasePath = "src/main/webapp", contextLoader = org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader, parent = null] 请帮我分析错误原因
06-24
【四轴飞行器】非线性三自由度四轴飞行器模拟器研究(Matlab代码实现)内容概要:本文围绕非线性三自由度四轴飞行器的建模与仿真展开,重点介绍了基于Matlab的飞行器动力学模型构建与控制系统设计方法。通过对四轴飞行器非线性运动方程的推导,建立其在三维空间中的姿态与位置动态模型,并采用数值仿真手段实现飞行器在复杂环境下的行为模拟。文中详细阐述了系统状态方程的构建、控制输入设计以及仿真参数设置,并结合具体代码实现展示了如何对飞行器进行稳定控制与轨迹跟踪。此外,文章还提到了多种优化与控制策略的应用背景,如模型预测控制、PID控制等,突出了Matlab工具在无人机系统仿真中的强大功能。; 适合人群:具备一定自动控制理论基础和Matlab编程能力的高校学生、科研人员及从事无人机系统开发的工程师;尤其适合从事飞行器建模、控制算法研究及相关领域研究的专业人士。; 使用场景及目标:①用于四轴飞行器非线性动力学建模的教学与科研实践;②为无人机控制系统设计(如姿态控制、轨迹跟踪)提供仿真验证平台;③支持高级控制算法(如MPC、LQR、PID)的研究与对比分析; 阅读建议:建议读者结合文中提到的Matlab代码与仿真模型,动手实践飞行器建模与控制流程,重点关注动力学方程的实现与控制器参数调优,同时可拓展至多自由度或复杂环境下的飞行仿真研究。
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