Codeforces Round #116 (Div. 2, ACM-ICPC Rules) C - Letter

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cstdio>
#include<queue>
#include<stack>
#include<string>
#include<map>
#include<set>
#include<cmath>
#include<cassert>
#include<cstring>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;

#ifdef _WIN32
#define i64 __int64
#define out64 "%I64d\n"
#define in64 "%I64d"
#else
#define i64 long long
#define out64 "%lld\n"
#define in64 "%lld"
#endif

#define FOR(i,a,b)      for( int i = (a) ; i <= (b) ; i ++)
#define FF(i,a)         for( int i = 0 ; i < (a) ; i ++)
#define FFD(i,a)        for( int i = (a)-1 ; i >= 0 ; i --)
#define S64(a)          scanf(in64,&a)
#define SS(a)           scanf("%d",&a)
#define LL(a)           ((a)<<1)
#define RR(a)           (((a)<<1)+1)
#define SZ(a)           ((int)a.size())
#define PP(n,m,a)       puts("---");FF(i,n){FF(j,m)cout << a[i][j] << ' ';puts("");}
#define pb              push_back
#define CL(Q)           while(!Q.empty())Q.pop()
#define MM(name,what)   memset(name,what,sizeof(name))
#define read            freopen("in.txt","r",stdin)
#define write           freopen("out.txt","w",stdout)

const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const i64 inf64 = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fLL;
const double oo = 10e9;
const double eps = 10e-10;
const double pi = acos(-1.0);

i64 gcd(i64 _a, i64 _b)
{
    if (!_a || !_b)
    {
        return max(_a, _b);
    }
    i64 _t;
    while (_t = _a % _b)
    {
        _a = _b;
        _b = _t;
    }
    return _b;
};

i64 ext_gcd (i64 _a, i64 _b, i64 &_x, i64 &_y)
{
    if (!_b)
    {
        _x = 1;
        _y = 0;
        return _a;
    }
    i64 _d = ext_gcd (_b, _a % _b, _x, _y);
    i64 _t = _x;
    _x = _y;
    _y = _t - _a / _b * _y;
    return _d;
}

i64 invmod (i64 _a, i64 _p)
{
    i64 _ans, _y;
    ext_gcd (_a, _p, _ans, _y);
    _ans < 0 ? _ans += _p : 0;
    return _ans;
}

string s;

bool low(char x)
{
    if(x<='z' && x>='a')
    {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

bool up(char x)
{
    if(x<='Z' && x>='A')
    {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

const int maxn = 10111;

int dp[maxn];
int d2[maxn];
int ans;

int main()
{
    int temp=0;
    int t2=0;
    ans = inf;

    cin>>s;

    dp[0]=0;
    for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++)
    {
        if(low(s[i]))
        {
            temp++;
        }
        dp[i+1] = temp;
    }

    d2[s.length()]=0;
    for(int i=s.length()-1;i>=0;i--)
    {
        if(up(s[i]))
        {
            t2++;
        }
        d2[i] = t2;
    }

    for(int i=0;i<=s.length();i++)
    {
        ans = min(ans,dp[i]+d2[i]);
    }

    cout<<ans<<endl;
   // system("pause");
    return 0;
}