param pack

本文详细解析了C语言中结构体的字节对齐原理,包括如何通过编译器指令调整对齐方式,以及不同数据类型在结构体中的存储布局。
在C语言中,结构是一种复合数据类型,其构成元素既可以是基本数据类型(如int、long、float等)的变量,也可以是一些复合数据类型(如数组、结构、联合等)的数据单元。在结构中,编译器为结构的每个成员按其自然对界(alignment)条件分配空间。各个成员按照它们被声明的顺序在内存中顺序存储,第一个成员的地址和整个结构的地址相同。

例如,下面的结构各成员空间分配情况:
struct test
{
char x1;
short x2;
float x3;
char x4;
};

结构的第一个成员x1,其偏移地址为0,占据了第1个字节。第二个成员x2为short类型,其起始地址必须2字节对界,因此,编译器在x2和x1之间填充了一个空字节。结构的第三个成员x3和第四个成员x4恰好落在其自然对界地址上,在它们前面不需要额外的填充字节。在test结构中,成员x3要求4字节对界,是该结构所有成员中要求的最大对界单元,因而test结构的自然对界条件为4字节,编译器在成员x4后面填充了3个空字节。整个结构所占据空间为12字节。

更改C编译器的缺省字节对齐方式
在缺省情况下,C编译器为每一个变量或是数据单元按其自然对界条件分配空间。一般地,可以通过下面的方法来改变缺省的对界条件:
· 使用伪指令#pragma pack (n),C编译器将按照n个字节对齐。
· 使用伪指令#pragma pack (),取消自定义字节对齐方式。

另外,还有如下的一种方式:
· __attribute((aligned (n))),让所作用的结构成员对齐在n字节自然边界上。如果结构中有成员的长度大于n,则按照最大成员的长度来对齐。
· __attribute__ ((packed)),取消结构在编译过程中的优化对齐,按照实际占用字节数进行对齐。

以上的n = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16... 第一种方式较为常见。

( via http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/wenddy112/articles/300583.aspx )

下面有一道在 优快云论坛 上讨论火热的题:

Intel和微软和本公司同时出现的面试题

#pragma pack(8)

struct s1{
short a;
long b;
};

struct s2{
char c;
s1 d;
long long e;
};

#pragma pack()


1.sizeof(s2) = ?
2.s2的c后面空了几个字节接着是d?

感谢 redleaves(ID最吊的网友) 的解答,结果如下:

sizeof(S2)结果为24.
成员对齐有一个重要的条件,即每个成员分别对齐.即每个成员按自己的方式对齐.
也就是说上面虽然指定了按8字节对齐,但并不是所有的成员都是以8字节对齐.其对齐的规则是,每个成员按其类型的对齐参数(通常是这个类型的大小)和指定对齐参数(这里是8字节)中较小的一个对齐.并且结构的长度必须为所用过的所有对齐参数的整数倍,不够就补空字节.
S1中,成员a是1字节默认按1字节对齐,指定对齐参数为8,这两个值中取1,a按1字节对齐;成员b是4个字节,默认是按4字节对齐,这时就按4字节对齐,所以sizeof(S1)应该为8;
S2 中,c和S1中的a一样,按1字节对齐,而d 是个结构,它是8个字节,它按什么对齐呢?对于结构来说,它的默认对齐方式就是它的所有成员使用的对齐参数中最大的一个,S1的就是4.所以,成员d就是按4字节对齐.成员e是8个字节,它是默认按8字节对齐,和指定的一样,所以它对到8字节的边界上,这时,已经使用了12个字节了,所以又添加了4个字节的空,从第16个字节开始放置成员e.这时,长度为24,已经可以被8(成员e按8字节对齐)整除.这样,一共使用了24个字节.
a b
S1的内存布局:11**,1111,
c S1.a S1.b d
S2的内存布局:1***,11**,1111,****11111111

这里有三点很重要:
1.每个成员分别按自己的方式对齐,并能最小化长度
2.复杂类型(如结构)的默认对齐方式是它最长的成员的对齐方式,这样在成员是复杂类型时,可以最小化长度
3.对齐后的长度必须是成员中最大的对齐参数的整数倍,这样在处理数组时可以保证每一项都边界对齐

补充一下,对于数组,比如:
char a[3];这种,它的对齐方式和分别写3个char是一样的.也就是说它还是按1个字节对齐.
如果写: typedef char Array3[3];
Array3这种类型的对齐方式还是按1个字节对齐,而不是按它的长度.
不论类型是什么,对齐的边界一定是1,2,4,8,16,32,64....中的一个.

测试的编译器:

GCC 2.95 3.1 3.3 3.4 4.0
MS C/C++ 7.0 7.1 8.0 beta
Borland C/C++ 5.6 6.0
Intel C/C++ 7.0 8.0 8.1
DigitalMars C/C++ 8.4
OpenWatcom 1.3
Codeplay C/C++ 2.1.7
Build target 'Target 1' compiling MAIN.c... main.h(4): error: #5: cannot open source input file "stm32f1xx_hal.h": No such file or directory #include "stm32f1xx_hal.h" MAIN.c: 0 warnings, 1 error compiling DHT11.c... dht11.h(4): error: #5: cannot open source input file "stm32f1xx_hal.h": No such file or directory #include "stm32f1xx_hal.h" DHT11.c: 0 warnings, 1 error compiling TFT_GFX.c... tft_gfx.h(4): error: #5: cannot open source input file "stm32f1xx_hal.h": No such file or directory #include "stm32f1xx_hal.h" TFT_GFX.c: 0 warnings, 1 error compiling BUZZER.c... buzzer.h(4): error: #5: cannot open source input file "stm32f1xx_hal.h": No such file or directory #include "stm32f1xx_hal.h" BUZZER.c: 0 warnings, 1 error compiling misc.c... C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c(99): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_NVIC_PRIORITY_GROUP(NVIC_PriorityGroup)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c(117): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelCmd)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c(159): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_NVIC_VECTTAB(NVIC_VectTab)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c(178): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_NVIC_LP(LowPowerMode)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c(202): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_SYSTICK_CLK_SOURCE(SysTick_CLKSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\misc.c: 5 warnings, 0 errors compiling stm32f10x_gpio.c... C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(111): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(178): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(286): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(308): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(324): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(346): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(361): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(377): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(397): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(420): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(437): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ALL_PERIPH(GPIOx)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(466): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_EVENTOUT_PORT_SOURCE(GPIO_PortSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(486): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(554): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_REMAP(GPIO_Remap)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(613): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_EXTI_PORT_SOURCE(GPIO_PortSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c(632): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_GPIO_ETH_MEDIA_INTERFACE(GPIO_ETH_MediaInterface)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_gpio.c: 16 warnings, 0 errors compiling stm32f10x_rcc.c... C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(273): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_HSE(RCC_HSE)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(338): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_CALIBRATION_VALUE(HSICalibrationValue)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(357): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(383): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_PLL_SOURCE(RCC_PLLSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(404): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(568): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_SYSCLK_SOURCE(RCC_SYSCLKSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(612): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_HCLK(RCC_SYSCLK)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(638): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_PCLK(RCC_HCLK)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(664): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_PCLK(RCC_HCLK)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(703): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_IT(RCC_IT)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(731): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_USBCLK_SOURCE(RCC_USBCLKSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(770): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_ADCCLK(RCC_PCLK2)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(832): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_LSE(RCC_LSE)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(865): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(882): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_RTCCLK_SOURCE(RCC_RTCCLKSource)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(896): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1067): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_AHB_PERIPH(RCC_AHBPeriph)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1098): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_APB2_PERIPH(RCC_APB2Periph)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1129): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_APB1_PERIPH(RCC_APB1Periph)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1188): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_APB2_PERIPH(RCC_APB2Periph)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1219): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_APB1_PERIPH(RCC_APB1Periph)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1240): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1253): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NewState)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1285): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_MCO(RCC_MCO)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1332): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_FLAG(RCC_FLAG)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1406): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_GET_IT(RCC_IT)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c(1451): warning: #223-D: function "assert_param" declared implicitly assert_param(IS_RCC_CLEAR_IT(RCC_IT)); C:\Keil_v5\ARM\PACK\Keil\STM32F1xx_DFP\1.0.5\Device\StdPeriph_Driver\src\stm32f10x_rcc.c: 27 warnings, 0 errors assembling startup_stm32f10x_hd.s... compiling system_stm32f10x.c... ".\Objects\01.axf" - 4 Error(s), 48 Warning(s). Target not created. Build Time Elapsed: 00:00:07
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06-27
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