JPEG File Format

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-03 16:50:46 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-09-03 16:50:46 发布 · 186 阅读
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#嵌入式 #c/c++
本文深入探讨JPEG图像解码的过程和技术细节，包括Huffman表的构建与使用、量化表的解析、逆离散余弦变换（IDCT）等关键步骤，并提供了一个完整的C++源代码实现。
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JPEG File Format
Get mor data for your byte...
Jpeg (.jpg) Image Source Decoder
by bkenwright@xbdev.net
Well I don't usually like dumping large pieces of source code, but sometimes it nice to just scroll through other peoples code...especially when its colour coded...so you can see how I read in the bits, or how I performed the Inverse Discrete Cosine.
The whole jpeg decode source code is in a single .cpp, and decompresses simple jpegs....it doesn't include progressive jpegs...works for most cases, and can be used to decode the flash .swf embeded jpegs which is what I used it for :)
The demo source code decompresses the jpg file, and exports a bmp file. It also writes out debug information about the file, such as the huffman tables, IDCT values, width height etc etc...to a txt file called output.txt which you can look at.
Download Full Source Code
Compiles with Visual Studio (Win32)
SourceCode (82kb)
Jpeg Decode Demo Source Code
/***************************************************************************/
/*                                                                         */
/*  File: loadjpg.cpp                                                      */
/*  Author: bkenwright@xbdev.net                                           */
/*  Date: 19-01-06                                                         */
/*                                                                         */
/*  Revised: 26-07-07                                                      */
/*                                                                         */
/***************************************************************************/
/*
    About:
    Simplified jpg/jpeg decoder image loader - so we can take a .jpg file
    either from memory or file, and convert it either to a .bmp or directly
    to its rgb pixel data information.

    Simplified, and only deals with basic jpgs, but it covers all the
    information of how the jpg format works :)

    Can be used to convert a jpg in memory to rgb pixels in memory.

    Or you can pass it a jpg file name and an output bmp filename, and it
    loads and writes out a bmp file.

    i.e.
    ConvertJpgFile("cross.jpg", "cross.bmp")
*/
/***************************************************************************/

#pragma once

#include <stdio.h>        // sprintf(..), fopen(..)
#include <stdarg.h>     // So we can use ... (in dprintf)
#include <string.h>        // memset(..)
#include <math.h>        // sqrt(..), cos(..)


extern void dprintf(const char *fmt, ...);
/*
__forceinline void dprintf(const char *fmt, ...) 
{
    va_list parms;
    char buf[256];

    // Try to print in the allocated space.
    va_start(parms, fmt);
    vsprintf (buf, fmt, parms);
    va_end(parms);

    // Write the information out to a txt file
    FILE *fp = fopen("output.txt", "a+");
    fprintf(fp, "%s",  buf);
    fclose(fp);

}// End dprintf(..)
*/

/***************************************************************************/

#define DQT      0xDB    // Define Quantization Table
#define SOF      0xC0    // Start of Frame (size information)
#define DHT      0xC4    // Huffman Table
#define SOI      0xD8    // Start of Image
#define SOS      0xDA    // Start of Scan
#define EOI      0xD9    // End of Image, or End of File
#define APP0     0xE0

#define BYTE_TO_WORD(x) (((x)[0]<<8)|(x)[1])


#define HUFFMAN_TABLES        4
#define COMPONENTS            4

#define cY    1
#define cCb    2
#define cCr    3

static int ZigZagArray[64] = 
{
    0,   1,   5,  6,   14,  15,  27,  28,
    2,   4,   7,  13,  16,  26,  29,  42,
    3,   8,  12,  17,  25,  30,  41,  43,
    9,   11, 18,  24,  31,  40,  44,  53,
    10,  19, 23,  32,  39,  45,  52,  54,
    20,  22, 33,  38,  46,  51,  55,  60,
    21,  34, 37,  47,  50,  56,  59,  61,
    35,  36, 48,  49,  57,  58,  62,  63,
};

/***************************************************************************/


struct stBlock
{
     int value;                    // Decodes to.
     int length;                // Length in bits.
     unsigned short int code;    // 2 byte code (variable length)
};

/***************************************************************************/


struct stHuffmanTable
{
    unsigned char    m_length[17];        // 17 values from jpg file, 
                                        // k =1-16 ; L[k] indicates the number of Huffman codes of length k
    unsigned char    m_hufVal[257];        // 256 codes read in from the jpeg file

    int                m_numBlocks;
    stBlock            m_blocks[1024];
};


struct stComponent 
{
  unsigned int            m_hFactor;
  unsigned int            m_vFactor;
  float *                m_qTable;            // Pointer to the quantisation table to use
  stHuffmanTable*        m_acTable;
  stHuffmanTable*        m_dcTable;
  short int                m_DCT[65];            // DCT coef
  int                    m_previousDC;
};


struct stJpegData
{
    unsigned char*        m_rgb;                // Final Red Green Blue pixel data
    unsigned int        m_width;            // Width of image
    unsigned int        m_height;            // Height of image

    const unsigned char*m_stream;            // Pointer to the current stream

    stComponent            m_component_info[COMPONENTS];

    float                m_Q_tables[COMPONENTS][64];    // quantization tables
    stHuffmanTable        m_HTDC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];        // DC huffman tables  
    stHuffmanTable        m_HTAC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];        // AC huffman tables

    // Temp space used after the IDCT to store each components
    unsigned char        m_Y[64*4];
    unsigned char        m_Cr[64];
    unsigned char        m_Cb[64];

    // Internal Pointer use for colorspace conversion, do not modify it !!!
    unsigned char *        m_colourspace;
};


/***************************************************************************/
// 
//  Returns the size of the file in bytes
//
/***************************************************************************/
inline int FileSize(FILE *fp)
{
    long pos;
    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    pos = ftell(fp);
    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
    return pos;
}

/***************************************************************************/

// Clamp our integer between 0 and 255
inline unsigned char Clamp(int i)
{
    if (i<0)
        return 0;
    else if (i>255)
        return 255;
    else
        return i;
}   

/***************************************************************************/

void GenHuffCodes( int num_codes, stBlock* arr, unsigned char* huffVal )
{
     int hufcounter = 0;
     int codelengthcounter = 1;
 

     for(int cc=0; cc< num_codes; cc++)
     {
         while ( arr[cc].length > codelengthcounter )
         {
            hufcounter = hufcounter << 1;
            codelengthcounter++;
         }

         arr[cc].code = hufcounter;
         arr[cc].value = huffVal[cc];
         hufcounter = hufcounter + 1;
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

float C(int u)
{
    if (u == 0)
         return (1.0f/sqrtf(2));
    else
         return 1.0f;
}


int func(int x, int y, const int block[8][8])
{
    const float PI = 3.14f;
    float sum=0;
    for( int u=0; u<8; u++)
    {
         for(int v=0; v<8; v++)
         {
             sum += ( C(u) * C(v) ) * block[u][v] * cosf( ((2*x+1) * u * PI) / 16)  * cosf( ((2*y+1) * v * PI) / 16);
         }
    }         
    return (int) ((1.0/4.0) * sum);
}

void PerformIDCT(int outBlock[8][8], const int inBlock[8][8])
{
    for(int y=0; y<8; y++)
    {
        for(int x=0; x<8; x++)
        {
            outBlock[x][y]  =  func( x, y, inBlock);
        }
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

void DequantizeBlock( int block[64], const float quantBlock[64] )
{
    for( int c=0; c<64; c++)
    {
        block[c] = (int)(block[c] * quantBlock[c]);
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

void DeZigZag(int outBlock[64], const int inBlock[64])
{
    for(int i=0; i<64; i++)
    {
        outBlock[ i ] = inBlock[ZigZagArray[i]];
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

void TransformArray(int outArray[8][8], const int inArray[64])
{
    int cc = 0;
    for( int y=0; y<8; y++)
    {
        for( int x=0; x<8; x++)
        {
            outArray[x][y]  =  inArray[cc];
            cc++;
        }
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

void DumpDecodedBlock(int val[8][8])
{
    dprintf("# Decoded 8x8 Block#\n");
    for( int y=0; y<8; y++)
    {
        for( int x=0; x<8; x++)
        {
            dprintf("%2x ", val[x][y]);
        }
        dprintf("\n");
    }
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void DecodeSingleBlock(stComponent *comp, unsigned char *outputBuf, int stride)
{
    short* inptr    = comp->m_DCT;
    float* quantptr = comp->m_qTable;


    // Create a temp 8x8, i.e. 64 array for the data
    int data[64] = {0};

    // Copy our data into the temp array
    for (int i=0; i<64; i++)
    {
        data[i] = inptr[i];
    }

    // De-Quantize
    DequantizeBlock(data, quantptr);

    // De-Zig-Zag
    int block[64] = {0};
    DeZigZag(block, data);

    // Create an 8x8 array
    int arrayBlock[8][8]={0};
    TransformArray(arrayBlock, block);

    // Inverse DCT
    int val[8][8]={0};
    PerformIDCT(val, arrayBlock);

    // Level Shift each element (i.e. add 128), and copy to our
    // output
    unsigned char *outptr = outputBuf;
    for (int y = 0; y < 8; y++) 
    {
        for (int x=0; x<8; x++)
        {
            val[x][y] += 128;

            outptr[x] = Clamp(val[x][y]);
        }

        outptr += stride;
    }

    DumpDecodedBlock(val);
}

/***************************************************************************/

/***************************************************************************/
//
// Save a buffer in 24bits Bitmap (.bmp) format 
//
/***************************************************************************/
inline void WriteBMP24(const char* szBmpFileName, int Width, int Height, unsigned char* RGB)
{
    #pragma pack(1)
    struct stBMFH // BitmapFileHeader & BitmapInfoHeader
    {
        // BitmapFileHeader
        char         bmtype[2];     // 2 bytes - 'B' 'M'
        unsigned int iFileSize;     // 4 bytes
        short int    reserved1;     // 2 bytes
        short int    reserved2;     // 2 bytes
        unsigned int iOffsetBits;   // 4 bytes
        // End of stBMFH structure - size of 14 bytes
        // BitmapInfoHeader
        unsigned int iSizeHeader;    // 4 bytes - 40
        unsigned int iWidth;         // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iHeight;        // 4 bytes
        short int    iPlanes;        // 2 bytes
        short int    iBitCount;      // 2 bytes
        unsigned int Compression;    // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iSizeImage;     // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iXPelsPerMeter; // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iYPelsPerMeter; // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iClrUsed;       // 4 bytes
        unsigned int iClrImportant;  // 4 bytes
        // End of stBMIF structure - size 40 bytes
        // Total size - 54 bytes
    };
    #pragma pack()

    // Round up the width to the nearest DWORD boundary
    int iNumPaddedBytes = 4 - (Width * 3) % 4;
    iNumPaddedBytes = iNumPaddedBytes % 4;

    stBMFH bh;
    memset(&bh, 0, sizeof(bh));
    bh.bmtype[0]='B';
    bh.bmtype[1]='M';
    bh.iFileSize = (Width*Height*3) + (Height*iNumPaddedBytes) + sizeof(bh);
    bh.iOffsetBits = sizeof(stBMFH);
    bh.iSizeHeader = 40;
    bh.iPlanes = 1;
    bh.iWidth = Width;
    bh.iHeight = Height;
    bh.iBitCount = 24;


    char temp[1024]={0};
    sprintf(temp, "%s", szBmpFileName);
    FILE* fp = fopen(temp, "wb");
    fwrite(&bh, sizeof(bh), 1, fp);
    for (int y=Height-1; y>=0; y--)
    {
        for (int x=0; x<Width; x++)
        {
            int i = (x + (Width)*y) * 3;
            unsigned int rgbpix = (RGB[i]<<16)|(RGB[i+1]<<8)|(RGB[i+2]<<0);
            fwrite(&rgbpix, 3, 1, fp);
        }
        if (iNumPaddedBytes>0)
        {
            unsigned char pad = 0;
            fwrite(&pad, iNumPaddedBytes, 1, fp);
        }
    }
    fclose(fp);
}

/***************************************************************************/

// Takes two array of bits, and build the huffman table for size, and code

/***************************************************************************/
inline void BuildHuffmanTable(const unsigned char *bits, const unsigned char *stream, stHuffmanTable *HT)
{
    for (int j=1; j<=16; j++) 
    {
        HT->m_length[j] = bits[j];
    }

    // Work out the total number of codes
    int numBlocks = 0;
    for (int i=1; i<=16; i++)
    {
        numBlocks += HT->m_length[i];
    }
    HT->m_numBlocks = numBlocks;

    // Fill in the data our our blocks, so we know how many bits each
    // one is
    int c=0;
    for (int i=1; i<=16; i++)
    {
        for (int j=0; j<HT->m_length[i]; j++)
        {
            HT->m_blocks[c].length = i;
            c++;
        }

    }

    GenHuffCodes(HT->m_numBlocks, HT->m_blocks, HT->m_hufVal);
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void PrintSOF(const unsigned char *stream)
{
    int width;
    int height;
    int nr_components;
    int precision;

    const char *nr_components_to_string[] =    {    "????",
                                                "Grayscale",
                                                "????",
                                                "YCbCr",
                                                "CYMK" };

    precision = stream[2];
    height = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream+3);
    width  = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream+5);
    nr_components = stream[7];

    dprintf("> SOF marker\n");
    dprintf("Size:%dx%d nr_components:%d (%s)  precision:%d\n", 
                            width, height,
                            nr_components, 
                            nr_components_to_string[nr_components],
                            precision);
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int ParseSOF(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *stream)
{
    /*
    SOF        16        0xffc0        Start Of Frame
    Lf        16        3Nf+8        Frame header length
    P        8        8            Sample precision
    Y        16        0-65535        Number of lines
    X        16        1-65535        Samples per line
    Nf        8        1-255        Number of image components (e.g. Y, U and V).

    ---------Repeats for the number of components (e.g. Nf)-----------------
    Ci        8        0-255        Component identifier
    Hi        4        1-4            Horizontal Sampling Factor
    Vi        4        1-4            Vertical Sampling Factor
    Tqi        8        0-3            Quantization Table Selector.
    */

    PrintSOF(stream);

    int height = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream+3);
    int width  = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream+5);
    int nr_components = stream[7];

    stream += 8;
    for (int i=0; i<nr_components; i++) 
    {
        int cid                = *stream++;
        int sampling_factor = *stream++;
        int Q_table            = *stream++;

        stComponent *c = &jdata->m_component_info[cid];
        c->m_vFactor = sampling_factor&0xf;
        c->m_hFactor = sampling_factor>>4;
        c->m_qTable = jdata->m_Q_tables[Q_table];

        dprintf("Component:%d  factor:%dx%d  Quantization table:%d\n",
                cid, 
                c->m_vFactor, 
                c->m_hFactor, 
                Q_table );
    }
    jdata->m_width = width;
    jdata->m_height = height;

    return 0;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void BuildQuantizationTable(float *qtable, const unsigned char *ref_table)
{
    int c = 0;

    for (int i=0; i<8; i++) 
    {
        for (int j=0; j<8; j++) 
        {
            unsigned char val = ref_table[c];

            qtable[c] = val;
            c++;
        }
    }
}


/***************************************************************************/

inline int ParseDQT(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *stream)
{
    int length, qi;
    float *table;

    dprintf("> DQT marker\n");
    length = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream) - 2;
    stream += 2;    // Skip length

    while (length>0)
    {
        qi = *stream++;

        int qprecision = qi>>4;     // upper 4 bits specify the precision
        int qindex     = qi&0xf; // index is lower 4 bits

        if (qprecision)
        {
            // precision in this case is either 0 or 1 and indicates the precision 
            // of the quantized values;
            // 8-bit (baseline) for 0 and  up to 16-bit for 1 

            dprintf("Error - 16 bits quantization table is not supported\n");
        }

        if (qindex>4)
        {
            dprintf("Error - No more 4 quantization table is supported (got %d)\n", qi);
        }

        // The quantization table is the next 64 bytes
        table = jdata->m_Q_tables[qindex];

        // the quantization tables are stored in zigzag format, so we
        // use this functino to read them all in and de-zig zag them
        BuildQuantizationTable(table, stream);
        stream += 64;
        length -= 65;
    }
    return 0;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int ParseSOS(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *stream)
{
    /*
    SOS        16        0xffd8            Start Of Scan
    Ls        16        2Ns + 6            Scan header length
    Ns        8        1-4                Number of image components
    Csj        8        0-255            Scan Component Selector
    Tdj        4        0-1                DC Coding Table Selector
    Taj        4        0-1                AC Coding Table Selector
    Ss        8        0                Start of spectral selection
    Se        8        63                End of spectral selection
    Ah        4        0                Successive Approximation Bit High
    Ai        4        0                Successive Approximation Bit Low
    */

    unsigned int nr_components = stream[2];

    dprintf("> SOS marker\n");

    if (nr_components != 3)
    {
        dprintf("Error - We only support YCbCr image\n");
    }


    stream += 3;
    for (unsigned int i=0;i<nr_components;i++) 
    {
        unsigned int cid   = *stream++;
        unsigned int table = *stream++;

        if ((table&0xf)>=4)
        {
            dprintf("Error - We do not support more than 2 AC Huffman table\n");
        }
        if ((table>>4)>=4)
        {
            dprintf("Error - We do not support more than 2 DC Huffman table\n");
        }
        dprintf("ComponentId:%d  tableAC:%d tableDC:%d\n", cid, table&0xf, table>>4);

        jdata->m_component_info[cid].m_acTable = &jdata->m_HTAC[table&0xf];
        jdata->m_component_info[cid].m_dcTable = &jdata->m_HTDC[table>>4];
    }
    jdata->m_stream = stream+3;
    return 0;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int ParseDHT(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *stream)
{
    /*
    u8 0xff 
    u8 0xc4 (type of segment) 
    u16 be length of segment 
    4-bits class (0 is DC, 1 is AC, more on this later) 
    4-bits table id 
    array of 16 u8 number of elements for each of 16 depths 
    array of u8 elements, in order of depth 
    */

    unsigned int count, i;
    unsigned char huff_bits[17];
    int length, index;

    length = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream) - 2;
    stream += 2;    // Skip length

    dprintf("> DHT marker (length=%d)\n", length);

    while (length>0) 
    {
        index = *stream++;

        // We need to calculate the number of bytes 'vals' will takes
        huff_bits[0] = 0;
        count = 0;
        for (i=1; i<17; i++) 
        {
            huff_bits[i] = *stream++;
            count += huff_bits[i];
        }

        if (count > 256)
        {
            dprintf("Error - No more than 1024 bytes is allowed to describe a huffman table");
        }
        if ( (index &0xf) >= HUFFMAN_TABLES)
        {
            dprintf("Error - No mode than %d Huffman tables is supported\n", HUFFMAN_TABLES);
        }
        dprintf("Huffman table %s n%d\n", (index&0xf0)?"AC":"DC", index&0xf);
        dprintf("Length of the table: %d\n", count);

        if (index & 0xf0 )
        {
            unsigned char* huffval = jdata->m_HTAC[index&0xf].m_hufVal;
            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
                huffval[i] = *stream++;

            BuildHuffmanTable(huff_bits, stream, &jdata->m_HTAC[index&0xf]); // AC
        }
        else
        {
            unsigned char* huffval = jdata->m_HTDC[index&0xf].m_hufVal;
            for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
                huffval[i] = *stream++;

            BuildHuffmanTable(huff_bits, stream, &jdata->m_HTDC[index&0xf]); // DC
        }

        length -= 1;
        length -= 16;
        length -= count;
    }
    dprintf("< DHT marker\n");
    return 0;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int ParseJFIF(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *stream)
{
    int chuck_len;
    int marker;
    int sos_marker_found = 0;
    int dht_marker_found = 0;

    // Parse marker
    while (!sos_marker_found)
    {
        if (*stream++ != 0xff)
        {
            goto bogus_jpeg_format;
        }

        // Skip any padding ff byte (this is normal)
        while (*stream == 0xff)
        {
            stream++;
        }

        marker = *stream++;
        chuck_len = BYTE_TO_WORD(stream);

        switch (marker)
        {
            case SOF:
            {
                if (ParseSOF(jdata, stream) < 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            break;

            case DQT:
            {
                if (ParseDQT(jdata, stream) < 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            break;

            case SOS:
            {
                if (ParseSOS(jdata, stream) < 0)
                    return -1;
                sos_marker_found = 1;
            }
            break;

            case DHT:
            {
                if (ParseDHT(jdata, stream) < 0)
                    return -1;
                dht_marker_found = 1;
            }
            break;

            // The reason I added these additional skips here, is because for
            // certain jpg compressions, like swf, it splits the encoding 
            // and image data with SOI & EOI extra tags, so we need to skip
            // over them here and decode the whole image
            case SOI:
            case EOI:
            {
                chuck_len = 0;
                break;
            }
            break;

            case 0xDD: //DRI: Restart_markers=1;
            {
                dprintf("DRI - Restart_marker\n");
            }
            break;

            case APP0:
            {
                dprintf("APP0 Chunk ('txt' information) skipping\n");
            }
            break;

            default:
            {
                dprintf("ERROR> Unknown marker %2.2x\n", marker);
            }
            break;
        }

        stream += chuck_len;
    }

    if (!dht_marker_found) 
    {
        dprintf("ERROR> No Huffman table loaded\n");
    }

    return 0;

    bogus_jpeg_format:
    dprintf("ERROR> Bogus jpeg format\n");
    return -1;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int JpegParseHeader(stJpegData *jdata, const unsigned char *buf, unsigned int size)
{
    // Identify the file
    if ((buf[0] != 0xFF) || (buf[1] != SOI))
    {
        dprintf("Not a JPG file ?\n");
        return -1;
    }

    const unsigned char* startStream = buf+2;
    const int fileSize = size-2;

    dprintf("-|- File thinks its size is: %d bytes\n", fileSize);

    int ret = ParseJFIF(jdata, startStream);

    return ret;
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void JpegGetImageSize(stJpegData *jdata, unsigned int *width, unsigned int *height)
{
    *width  = jdata->m_width;
    *height = jdata->m_height;
}

/***************************************************************************/

unsigned int g_reservoir = 0;
unsigned int g_nbits_in_reservoir = 0;

inline void FillNBits(const unsigned char** stream, int& nbits_wanted)
{
    while ((int)g_nbits_in_reservoir<nbits_wanted)
    {
        const unsigned char c = *(*stream)++;
        g_reservoir <<= 8;
        if (c == 0xff && (**stream) == 0x00)
            (*stream)++;
        g_reservoir |= c;
        g_nbits_in_reservoir+=8;
    }
}

inline short GetNBits(const unsigned char** stream, int nbits_wanted)
{
    FillNBits(stream, nbits_wanted);
    
    short result = ((g_reservoir)>>(g_nbits_in_reservoir-(nbits_wanted))); 

    g_nbits_in_reservoir -= (nbits_wanted); 
    g_reservoir &= ((1U<<g_nbits_in_reservoir)-1);

    /*
    // Could do the sign conversion here!
    if (result < (short)(1UL<<((nbits_wanted)-1)))
    {
        result = result + (short)(0xFFFFFFFFUL<<(nbits_wanted))+1;
    }
    */
    return result;
}

inline int LookNBits(const unsigned char** stream, int nbits_wanted)
{
    FillNBits(stream, nbits_wanted);

    int result = ((g_reservoir)>>(g_nbits_in_reservoir-(nbits_wanted)));
    return result;
}

inline void SkipNBits(const unsigned char** stream, int& nbits_wanted)
{
    FillNBits(stream, nbits_wanted);

    g_nbits_in_reservoir -= (nbits_wanted); 
    g_reservoir &= ((1U<<g_nbits_in_reservoir)-1);
}


/***************************************************************************/


bool IsInHuffmanCodes(int code, int numCodeBits, int numBlocks, stBlock* blocks, int* outValue)
{
    for (int j=0; j<numBlocks; j++)
    {
        int hufhCode        = blocks[j].code;
        int hufCodeLenBits    = blocks[j].length;
        int hufValue        = blocks[j].value;

        // We've got a match!
        if ((code==hufhCode) && (numCodeBits==hufCodeLenBits))
        {
            *outValue = hufValue;
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/***************************************************************************/

int DetermineSign(int val, int nBits)
{
    bool negative = val < (1<<(nBits-1));

    if (negative)
    {
        // (-1 << (s)), makes the last bit a 1, so we have 1000,0000 for example for 8 bits

        val = val + (-1 << (nBits)) + 1; 
    }

    // Else its unsigned, just return
    return val;
}

/***************************************************************************/

char g_bigBuf[1024] = {0};
char* IntToBinary(int val, int bits)
{
    for (int i=0; i<32; i++) g_bigBuf[i]='\0';

    int c = 0;
    for (int i=bits-1; i>=0; i--)
    {
        bool on = (val & (1<<i)) ? 1 : 0;
        g_bigBuf[c] = on ? '1' : '0';
        c++;
    }

    return &g_bigBuf[0];
}

/***************************************************************************/

void DumpHufCodes(stHuffmanTable* table)
{
    dprintf("HufCodes\n");
    dprintf("Num: %d\n", table->m_numBlocks);
    for (int i = 0; i<table->m_numBlocks; i++)
    {
        dprintf("%03d\t [%s]\n", i, IntToBinary(table->m_blocks[i].code, table->m_blocks[i].length));
    }
    dprintf("\n");

}

/***************************************************************************/

void DumpDCTValues(short dct[64])
{
    dprintf("\n#Extracted DCT values from SOS#\n");
    int c = 0;
    for (int i=0; i<64; i++)
    {
        dprintf("% 4d  ", dct[c++]);

        if ( (c>0) && (c%8==0) ) dprintf("\n");
    }
    dprintf("\n");
}


/***************************************************************************/

void ProcessHuffmanDataUnit(stJpegData *jdata, int indx)
{
    stComponent *c = &jdata->m_component_info[indx];

    // Start Huffman decoding

    // We memset it here, as later on we can just skip along, when we have lots
    // of leading zeros, for our AC run length encoding :)
    short DCT_tcoeff[64];
    memset(DCT_tcoeff, 0, sizeof(DCT_tcoeff)); //Initialize DCT_tcoeff


    bool found = false;
    int decodedValue = 0;


//    DumpHufCodes(c->m_dcTable);
//    DumpHufCodes(c->m_acTable);

    dprintf("\nHuff Block:\n\n");


    // First thing is get the 1 DC coefficient at the start of our 64 element
    // block
    for (int k=1; k<16; k++)
    {
        // Keep grabbing one bit at a time till we find one thats a huffman code
        int code = LookNBits(&jdata->m_stream, k);

        // Check if its one of our huffman codes
        if (IsInHuffmanCodes(code, k,  c->m_dcTable->m_numBlocks, c->m_dcTable->m_blocks, &decodedValue))
        {
            // Skip over the rest of the bits now.
            SkipNBits(&jdata->m_stream, k);

            found = true;

            // The decoded value is the number of bits we have to read in next
            int numDataBits = decodedValue;

            // We know the next k bits are for the actual data
            if (numDataBits==0)
            {
                DCT_tcoeff[0] = c->m_previousDC;
            }
            else
            {
                short data = GetNBits(&jdata->m_stream, numDataBits);

                data = DetermineSign(data, numDataBits);

                DCT_tcoeff[0] = data + c->m_previousDC;
                c->m_previousDC = DCT_tcoeff[0];
            }

            // Found so we can exit out
            break;
        }
    }

    if (!found)
    {
        dprintf("-|- ##ERROR## We have a *serious* error, unable to find huffman code\n");
    }

    // Second, the 63 AC coefficient
    int nr=1; 
    bool EOB_found=false;
    while ( (nr<=63)&&(!EOB_found) )
    {
        int k = 0;
        for (k=1; k<=16; k++)
        {
            // Keep grabbing one bit at a time till we find one thats a huffman code
            int code = LookNBits(&jdata->m_stream, k);


            // Check if its one of our huffman codes
            if (IsInHuffmanCodes(code, k,  c->m_acTable->m_numBlocks, c->m_acTable->m_blocks, &decodedValue))
            {

                // Skip over k bits, since we found the huffman value
                SkipNBits(&jdata->m_stream, k);


                // Our decoded value is broken down into 2 parts, repeating RLE, and then
                // the number of bits that make up the actual value next
                int valCode = decodedValue;

                unsigned char size_val = valCode&0xF;    // Number of bits for our data
                unsigned char count_0  = valCode>>4;    // Number RunLengthZeros

                if (size_val==0) 
                {// RLE 
                    if (count_0==0)EOB_found=true;    // EOB found, go out
                    else if (count_0==0xF) nr+=16;  // skip 16 zeros
                }
                else
                {
                    nr+=count_0; //skip count_0 zeroes
                    
                    if (nr > 63)
                    {
                        dprintf("-|- ##ERROR## Huffman Decoding\n");
                    }

                    short data = GetNBits(&jdata->m_stream, size_val );

                    data = DetermineSign(data, size_val);

                    DCT_tcoeff[nr++]=data;

                }
                break;
            }
        }

        if (k>16)
        {    
            nr++;
        }
    }


    DumpDCTValues(DCT_tcoeff);


    // We've decoded a block of data, so copy it across to our buffer
    for (int j = 0; j < 64; j++)
    {
        c->m_DCT[j] = DCT_tcoeff[j];
    }

}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void ConvertYCrCbtoRGB(int y, int cb, int cr,
                              int* r, int* g, int* b)

{
    float red, green, blue;

    red   = y + 1.402f*(cb-128);
    green = y-0.34414f*(cr-128)-0.71414f*(cb-128);
    blue  = y+1.772f*(cr-128);

    *r = (int) Clamp((int)red);
    *g = (int) Clamp((int)green);
    *b = (int) Clamp((int)blue);
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline void YCrCB_to_RGB24_Block8x8(stJpegData *jdata, int w, int h, int imgx, int imgy, int imgw, int imgh)
{
    const unsigned char *Y, *Cb, *Cr;
    unsigned char *pix;

    int r, g, b;

    Y  = jdata->m_Y;
    Cb = jdata->m_Cb;
    Cr = jdata->m_Cr;

    int olw = 0; // overlap
    if ( imgx > (imgw-8*w) )
    {
        olw = imgw-imgx;
    }

    int olh = 0; // overlap
    if ( imgy > (imgh-8*h) )
    {
        olh = imgh-imgy;
    }

//    dprintf("***pix***\n\n");
    for (int y=0; y<(8*h - olh); y++)
    {
        for (int x=0; x<(8*w - olw); x++)
        {
            int poff = x*3 + jdata->m_width*3*y;
            pix = &(jdata->m_colourspace[poff]);
            
            int yoff = x + y*(w*8);
            int coff = (int)(x*(1.0f/w)) + (int)(y*(1.0f/h))*8;

            int yc =  Y[yoff];
            int cb = Cb[coff];
            int cr = Cr[coff];

            ConvertYCrCbtoRGB(yc,cr,cb,&r,&g,&b);

            pix[0] = Clamp(r);
            pix[1] = Clamp(g);
            pix[2] = Clamp(b);

//            dprintf("-[%d][%d][%d]-\t", poff, yoff, coff);
        }
//        dprintf("\n");
    }
//    dprintf("\n\n");
}

/***************************************************************************/
//
//  Decoding
//  .-------.
//  | 1 | 2 |
//  |---+---|
//  | 3 | 4 |
//  `-------'
//
/***************************************************************************/
inline void DecodeMCU(stJpegData *jdata, int w, int h)
{
    // Y
    for (int y=0; y<h; y++)
    {
        for (int x=0; x<w; x++)
        {
            int stride = w*8;
            int offset = x*8 + y*64*w;

            ProcessHuffmanDataUnit(jdata, cY);

            DecodeSingleBlock(&jdata->m_component_info[cY], &jdata->m_Y[offset], stride);
        }
    }

    // Cb
    ProcessHuffmanDataUnit(jdata, cCb);
    DecodeSingleBlock(&jdata->m_component_info[cCb], jdata->m_Cb, 8);

    // Cr
    ProcessHuffmanDataUnit(jdata, cCr);
    DecodeSingleBlock(&jdata->m_component_info[cCr], jdata->m_Cr, 8);
}

/***************************************************************************/

inline int JpegDecode(stJpegData *jdata)
{
    int hFactor = jdata->m_component_info[cY].m_hFactor;
    int vFactor = jdata->m_component_info[cY].m_vFactor;

    // RGB24:
    if (jdata->m_rgb == NULL)
    {
        int h = jdata->m_height*3;
        int w = jdata->m_width*3;
        int height = h + (8*hFactor) - (h%(8*hFactor));
        int width  = w + (8*vFactor) - (w%(8*vFactor));
        jdata->m_rgb = new unsigned char[width * height];

        memset(jdata->m_rgb, 0, width*height);
    }

    jdata->m_component_info[0].m_previousDC = 0;
    jdata->m_component_info[1].m_previousDC = 0;
    jdata->m_component_info[2].m_previousDC = 0;
    jdata->m_component_info[3].m_previousDC = 0;

    int xstride_by_mcu = 8*hFactor;
    int ystride_by_mcu = 8*vFactor;

    // Don't forget to that block can be either 8 or 16 lines
    unsigned int bytes_per_blocklines = jdata->m_width*3 * ystride_by_mcu;

    unsigned int bytes_per_mcu = 3*xstride_by_mcu;

    // Just the decode the image by 'macroblock' (size is 8x8, 8x16, or 16x16)
    for (int y=0 ; y<(int)jdata->m_height; y+=ystride_by_mcu)
    {
        for (int x=0; x<(int)jdata->m_width; x+=xstride_by_mcu)
        {
            jdata->m_colourspace = jdata->m_rgb + x*3 + (y *jdata->m_width*3);

            // Decode MCU Plane
            DecodeMCU(jdata, hFactor, vFactor );

            YCrCB_to_RGB24_Block8x8(jdata, hFactor, vFactor, x, y, jdata->m_width, jdata->m_height);
        }
    }


    return 0;
}

/***************************************************************************/
//
// Take Jpg data, i.e. jpg file read into memory, and decompress it to an
// array of rgb pixel values.
//
// Note - Memory is allocated for this function, so delete it when finished
//
/***************************************************************************/
int DecodeJpgFileData(const unsigned char* buf, // Jpg file in memory
                      const int sizeBuf,        // Size jpg in bytes in memory
                      unsigned char** rgbpix,    // Output rgb pixels
                      unsigned int* width,        // Output image width
                      unsigned int* height)        // Output image height
{
    // Allocate memory for our decoded jpg structure, all our data will be
    // decompressed and stored in here for the various stages of our jpeg decoding
    stJpegData* jdec = new stJpegData();
    if (jdec == NULL)
    {
        dprintf("Not enough memory to alloc the structure need for decompressing\n");
        return 0;
    }

    // Start Parsing.....reading & storing data
    if (JpegParseHeader(jdec, buf, sizeBuf)<0)
    {
        dprintf("ERROR > parsing jpg header\n");
    }

    // We've read it all in, now start using it, to decompress and create rgb values
    dprintf("Decoding JPEG image...\n");
    JpegDecode(jdec);

    // Get the size of the image
    JpegGetImageSize(jdec, width, height);

    *rgbpix = jdec->m_rgb;

    // Release the memory for our jpeg decoder structure jdec
    delete jdec;

    return 1;
}

/***************************************************************************/
//
// Load one jpeg image, and decompress it, and save the result.
//
/***************************************************************************/
int ConvertJpgFile(char* szJpgFileInName, char * szBmpFileOutName)
{
    FILE *fp;
    unsigned int lengthOfFile;
    unsigned char *buf;
    

    // Load the Jpeg into memory
    fp = fopen(szJpgFileInName, "rb");
    if (fp == NULL)
    {
        dprintf("Cannot open jpg file: %s\n", szJpgFileInName);
        return 0;
    }

    lengthOfFile = FileSize(fp);
    buf = new unsigned char[lengthOfFile + 4];
    if (buf == NULL)
    {
        dprintf("Not enough memory for loading file\n");
        return 0;
    }
    fread(buf, lengthOfFile, 1, fp);
    fclose(fp);

    unsigned char* rgbpix = NULL;
    unsigned int width  = 0;
    unsigned int height = 0;
    DecodeJpgFileData(buf, lengthOfFile, &rgbpix, &width, &height);

    if (rgbpix==NULL)
    {
        dprintf("Failed to decode jpg\n");
        return 0;
    }

    // Delete our data we read in from the file
    delete[] buf;

    // Save it
    WriteBMP24(szBmpFileOutName, width, height, rgbpix);

    // Since we don't need the pixel information anymore, we must
    // release this as well
    delete[] rgbpix;

    return 1;
}

/***************************************************************************/