Linux commands and configurations

本文介绍如何利用fuser命令来查看哪些进程正在使用特定文件,并提供了如何解锁被占用文件的方法。通过-fuser命令的不同选项,如-c、-u和-k,可以实现显示占用文件的进程或强制终止这些进程的功能。

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  1. FILES
    1. /proc/modules
    2. /proc/mounts
  2. COMMANDS
    1. fuser, show which procesor is using the file
      1. -c, used when on mounted FS
      2. -u, show user
      3. -k, kill the process
      4. For Example: fuser -cu <file> to show all the process,  fuser -cuk <file> to kill all the processes
### Linux PCIe Configuration and Troubleshooting #### Understanding PCIe Interface Configuration in Linux In Linux systems, configuring the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface involves several key aspects including device enumeration, parameter specification, and driver interaction. For NVIDIA ConnectX-5 and newer devices, when enabling the PCIe switch functionality, specific parameters like `Depth`, `pcie_index`, and `node` must be set to identify which PCIe port should gather requested data such as performance counters or signal quality metrics[^1]. #### Configuring PCIe Switch Parameters To configure these settings within a Linux environment: ```bash echo "depth=2 pcie_index=3 node=4" | sudo tee /sys/class/infiniband/mlx5_0/device/config ``` The above command sets up the necessary parameters for accessing detailed hardware statistics through the specified PCIe path. #### Handling Device Drivers and BIOS Settings Certain motherboard configurations may require adjustments at the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) level before proper operation of network interfaces under Linux. Enabling options related to onboard peripherals might reactivate components disabled during operating system shutdown processes. This has been observed particularly with certain models from manufacturers like GIGABYTE using older firmware versions[^2]. However, this behavior varies between different motherboards and their respective BIOS implementations. #### Addressing Unsupported Hardware Issues Some peripheral types remain unsupported directly by mainstream kernels due to lack of official drivers or community support. Devices falling into this category often include specialized USB controllers among others mentioned briefly without elaboration here[^3]. Users encountering issues with unlisted equipment will need alternative solutions ranging from custom-built modules to third-party software packages depending upon availability. #### Common Diagnostic Commands When facing potential problems associated with PCI express slots or connected gadgets, executing diagnostic commands provides valuable insights towards resolution strategies: ```bash lspci -vnn dmesg | grep pci journalctl -k | grep -i error ``` These utilities help pinpoint misconfigurations or conflicts affecting overall stability while offering clues about underlying causes requiring attention.
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