常见编程语言简介

常见编程语言简介：

Source: Java how to program, 10th editon

 

Programming   language	Description
Fortran	Fortran (FORmula TRANslator) was developed by IBM  Corporation in the mid-1950s for scientific and engineering applications that  require complex mathematical computations. It’s still widely used, and its  latest versions support object-oriented programming.
COBOL	COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was developed  in the late 1950s by computer manufacturers, the U.S. government and  industrial computer users based on a language developed by Grace Hopper, a  U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and computer scientist who also advocated for the  international standardization of programming languages. COBOL is still widely  used for commercial applications that require precise and efficient  manipulation of large amounts of data. Its latest version supports  object-oriented programming.
Pascal	Research in the 1960s resulted in structured  programming—a disciplined approach to writing programs that are clearer,  easier to test and debug and easier to modify than large programs produced with  previous techniques. One result of this research was the development in 1971  of the Pascal programming language, which was designed for teaching  structured programming and was popular in college courses for several  decades.
Ada	Ada, based on Pascal, was developed under the  sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) during the 1970s and  early 1980s. The DOD wanted a single language that would fill most of its  needs. The Ada language was named after Lady Ada Lovelace, daughter of the  poet Lord Byron. She’s credited with writing the world’s first computer  program in the early 1800s (for the Analytical Engine mechanical computing  device designed by Charles Babbage). Ada also supports object-oriented  programming.
Basic	Basic was developed in the 1960s at Dartmouth College  to familiarize novices with programming techniques. Many of its latest  versions are object oriented.
C	C was developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at  Bell Laboratories. It initially became widely known as the UNIX operating  system’s development language. Today, most of the code for general-purpose  operating systems is written in C or C++.
C++	C++, which is based on C, was developed by Bjarne  Stroustrup in the early 1980s at Bell Laboratories. C++ provides several  features that “spruce up” the C language, but more important, it provides  capabilities for object-oriented programming.
Objective-C	Objective-C is another object-oriented language based  on C. It was developed in the early 1980s and later acquired by NeXT, which  in turn was acquired by Apple. It has become the key programming language for  the OS X operating system and all iOSpowered devices (such as iPods, iPhones  and iPads).
Visual Basic	Microsoft’s Visual Basic language was introduced in the  early 1990s to simplify the development of Microsoft Windows applications.  Its latest versions support objectoriented programming.
Visual C#	Microsoft’s three object-oriented primary programming  languages are Visual Basic (based on the original Basic), Visual C++ (based  on C++) and Visual C# (based on C++ and Java, and developed for integrating  the Internet and the web into computer applications).
PHP	PHP, an object-oriented, open-source scripting language  supported by a community of users and developers, is used by millions of  websites. PHP is platform independent— implementations exist for all major  UNIX, Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems. PHP also supports many  databases, including the popular open-source MySQL.
Perl	Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language), one of  the most widely used objectoriented scripting languages for web programming,  was developed in 1987 by Larry Wall. It features rich text-processing  capabilities.
Python	Python, another object-oriented scripting language, was  released publicly in 1991.   Developed by Guido van Rossum of the National Research Institute for Mathematics  and Computer Science in Amsterdam (CWI), Python draws heavily from Modula-  3—a systems programming language. Python is “extensible”—it can be extended  through classes and programming interfaces.
JavaScript	JavaScript is the most widely used scripting language.  It’s primarily used to add dynamic behavior to web pages—for example,  animations and improved interactivity with the user. It’s provided with all  major web browsers.
Ruby on Rails	Ruby, created in the mid-1990s, is an open-source,  object-oriented programming language with a simple syntax that’s similar to  Python. Ruby on Rails combines the scripting language Ruby with the Rails web  application framework developed by 37Signals. Their book, Getting Real  (gettingreal.37signals.com/toc.php), is a must read for web developers. Many  Ruby on Rails developers have reported productivity   gains over other languages when developing database-intensive web  applications.