中国经济的长周期走势

中国经济的长周期走势

作者:韩德强

原载:《文化纵横》


美联储主席伯南克认为,美国正在经历一场自1929年以来的大危机。这个危机,是1929年以来未曾见过的一场大危机。在世界经济萧条的背景下,中国经济是不是能继续保持一枝独秀?我试图对此作出一些个人的分析。关于未来的预测,总是充满了不确定的风险,仅凭当前的一些经济数据,更不足以预测未来。必须从长时段的视野,将历史追溯到1985年。
1985年,中国企业虽然还在国有经济体制之下,但是已经进入独立自主、自负盈亏的一年。只要企业是独立自主、自负盈亏的,它的行为就比较类似市场经济条件下的一般企业,所以就有可能用一般的市场经济的周期性规律来分析判断。
 
从 1985年到1989年,这是中国经济的第一个上升周期。1988年下半年到1989年上半年,是中国经济这轮上升周期达到顶峰的时候,但因为达到顶峰,所以,各个企业开足马力生产,所有生产出来的产品,不管是正品还是次品,通通拉出来卖,市场上都抢着要。经济出现了过热,物价呈现两位数的通货膨胀,当时的中国老百姓,此前从未经历过两位数的通货膨胀,市场出现了抢购风潮,中国经济进入我们转向市场体制之后的第一个下降周期——从1989年到1992年的第一个下降周期。根本的问题,就是出现了中国经济的第一个生产过剩的危机。这场危机是以小平同志南巡而告终的。

小平同志一南巡,全国经济马上就出现开发区热、房地产热,本来过剩的产品,立刻就被清空了。此后,所有的生产线开足马力生产,而且必须得要扩大生产,大量的水泥厂、钢铁厂大批上马。1992年~1994年,短短不到三年时间,中国经济走完了第二个上升周期。这一轮上升周期特别迅猛,因为背后有很强的政治性。到了1994上半年,经济过热的现象已经比较明显,当时主持经济工作的朱基副总理就来了个紧急刹车。当时的利率提高到了接近14%,国库券的利率14%,银行利率也接近14%,这样,通货膨胀很快被压下来了。

如果没有别的措施的话,中国经济在1994年利率上升之后一定会是硬着陆。但是,我们在把利率上升的同时,做了一个对冲操作,我们把汇率下调了,调到1美元兑8.7元人民币。利率上升,国内需求下降;汇率贬值,海外市场就打开了。所以,实际上可以说,1994年是整个世界消化了中国国内的经济危机,因是之故,中国的经济不是硬着陆而是软着陆。从1994年一直到1997年,凡是面向内需生产的企业,在这段时间,是减员增效、下岗分流;但是,沿海地区面向外需生产的企业,是开足马力大生产,利润很丰厚。1994年,也是中国的贸易逆差转为贸易顺差的一年,此后我们就拥有了越来越多的外汇储备。也就是说,尽管中国当时的内需是一下子被紧急刹车了,但是,我们又发现了外需。正是因为发现了外需,所以,当时主持经济工作的领导感觉非常好,原来事情可以这么做,海外市场潜力这么大!那我们今后有什么问题,依靠海外市场就得了!

可是,中国面向海外市场的大规模出口,在1994年到1997年期间产生了一个意想不到的后果,就是把“四小龙”、“四小虎”挤垮了。中国块头大,中国一旦成为世界打工仔的话,就把泰国、印尼、菲律宾、马来西亚的工作全抢过来了,这些国家的出口急剧下降,中国的出口急剧上升。“四小虎”国家出口下降的同时,“四小虎”国家的那些企业怎么办?那些企业发现,扩大生产没有未来,因为出口在急剧下降。怎么办?于是,这些国家的企业开始纷纷把过去赚的钱投到房地产市场,从而造成1994年~1997年这些国家的房地产市场的迅猛高涨。实体经济下降,房地产迅速增长,这样,就被索罗斯的量子基金以及其他各种基金发现了空隙。也就是说,这些“四小虎”国家的实体经济下降、房地产市场飙升,这个局面是不可以长期维持的。索罗斯们通过大量购买这些国家的外汇,炒高那里的楼市,然后再撤出资金,这就造成了1997年的亚洲金融危机。

1997年7月~1998年年底,中国领导人发现,出口突然间疲软了。内需继续不振,但出口也疲软了。在当年年底召开的经济工作会议上,朱基总理提出了“保八”的口号,希望1998年能继续维持8%的经济增长。“保八”怎么保?三管齐下来“保八”。第一,是财政出钱,采取积极财政政策,搞高速公路网、机场网等基础设施建设。大量的钱被投入高速公路和机场等建设中去,所有的钢铁厂、水泥厂生产就显得不足,供不应求,生产变得非常旺盛;第二,是银行拉动经济增长,让银行给企业贷款。但如何让银行安全地给企业贷款拉动经济增长?就是启动房地产业。银行一边给开发商贷款,一边给消费者贷款买房。这样,就带动了一个房地产市场,这是1998年之后拉动中国经济增长的又一个重要支柱;第三,就是要加入WTO,希望进一步扩大海外市场。这样,出口、财政和金融三管齐下,拉动了1998年后的经济增长,从1998年到2008年,经历了一个接近10年的繁荣,直到2007年10月份,才开始出现一些转折。
市场经济条件下,上升周期达到十年之久确实不容易。1998年~2003年期间,中国经济还属于健康快速的增长状态。2003年~2007年,就有了一些变化,大部分产业供过于求,小部分产业供不应求,大部分产业价格在下滑,小部分产业在上升,特别是房地产相关产业价格在迅速上升。中国经济从2003年以后出现了一冷一热,凡是汽车、手机、彩电、空调、服装这一类产业价格在一路下跌,而房地产、钢铁、水泥、原油这一类产业价格在一路上升。这样,宏观调控的难度就加大了,把热的产业压下去,冷的产业变得更冷;把冷的产业扶上来,热的产业变得更热,从而开始出现调控上的两难困境。这些现象类似于1997年前亚洲 “四小虎”国家出现的情况,让人非常不安。企业感觉做实业没有前途,把过去积累的资本都投入到房地产市场,促成房地产市场形成一个泡沫性的发展。这就导致形成“牛市见顶”。什么是牛市见顶?牛市见顶的基本特征,就是价增量缩,成交量不断地萎缩,但价格还在上升,资金不足以支撑价格的继续上升。
 
以深圳为例,从2006年到2007年10月份,成交量萎缩到此前的1/3左右,但价格上升了一倍多,从2007年10月份开始,各地的房市都进入了“横盘阴跌”状态。这种状态取决于政府怎样调控。政府救房地产,可不可以?当然可以,但是可能要以通货膨胀作为代价。如果我们压缩通货膨胀,就可能出现另一个情况,叫“久盘必跌”。如果久盘不跌,反而让它往上涨,很可能会使房价一飞冲天,带动严重的通货膨胀。

未来一段时间,中国的出口增长会进一步下降,因为美国的需求会进一步下降。一边是出口下降、经济增长放缓,一边是房地产泡沫处于高危状态,怎么办? 1993、1994年遇到通货膨胀,中国把利率提高到14%,膨胀下去了,但北海、海南的房地产泡沫立刻破灭。但现在,能这么快让房地产泡沫破掉吗?不能,因为现在房地产泡沫的规模是那时的几十倍。当时,还可以向海外市场转嫁我们的生产能力,可以让人民币贬值60%,现在却不能。2006年~2008 年,人民币的升值,其实不是1:8.27美元到1:6.8美元,实际上要超过这个值。因为,人民币对外升值,但对内却在贬值。人民币对外升值,意味着过去出口100美元可以换回827元人民币,而现在拿100美元仅能换回680元人民币,换回来的钱少了;对内贬值,意味着工价在上涨,原材料价格在上升,两边一夹,把很多企业都夹死了。也就是说,对于这些企业,人民币的实际升值幅度可能超过30%。

这些企业本来的利润不会超过20%,这样一来,这些企业就直接面临破产的命运。出口导向型企业对国际市场是非常敏感的。如果要做周期性判断的话,经济不可能再持续10年的稳定发展,更不会像某些专家讲的经济几十年不会出现拐点。中国经济从1978年到2008年,这30年,总体上是一个大牛市,这是不错。但是,大牛市中也有1989年到1992年的经济下挫,有1994年到1997年的经济萎缩,有2003年到2008年大部分实体产业供过于求的萧条,这些都是事实。

按照我的经济理论去判断,中国经济也将面临一场危机,这场危机要超过1989年~1992年的规模,也要超过1994年的规模,危机从哪里爆发?或者是通货膨胀超过40%,或者是房地产下降50%,两个里面选一个。具体实现的时间表,有可能是未来的一年半到两年内。实现一个,就有可能蔓延转换为金融危机,甚至再转换,形成社会危机。当经济出问题的情况下,社会问题就会被放大。

我作出这些分析和判断的基础,在于认为市场经济不是均衡的,而一般的经济学家,一般的西方微观经济学和宏观经济学,大体上都认为世界经济可以自动均衡。如果市场可以自动均衡,那么市场就是好的,不需要干预;如果市场不能自行均衡,就必须要政府干预。从1980年以来,全世界提倡的经济理论都主张放任自流,主张不要干预、减少干预。30年下来,就有可能使经济活动内在的正反馈特性、非均衡特性高度发展,使得经济面临系统性的重大风险。凡是获得诺贝尔经济学奖的绝大多数经济学家都是均衡经济学派,少数人接近非均衡学派。比如瑞典的冈纳·缪尔达尔,印度的阿玛蒂亚·森也接近非均衡学派,但骨子里还是均衡学派。

这两大学派之间存在着比较大的分歧。经济生活中,追涨杀跌,强者越强,弱者越弱,企业越做越强,规模越做越大。规模越大,企业越强,越容易远远偏离市场的均衡点。今天世界上的500强企业都是非常巨大的、垄断性的企业。完全按照西方的均衡经济理论,企业是做不大的,因为做大以后,生产的边际效益就下降了。但是,按照非均衡理论,做得越大效益越好,效益越好,也就越有能力去做大。
1990年代美国“新经济”时期,计算机、通讯、互联网产业高速发展,前景乐观,吸引了大量资本进入。由于大量资本进入,形成投资高潮,设备、技术和人才供不应求,利润高涨。由此,进一步吸引更多资本进入,形成一个正反馈。但是,供给正反馈迅速超过了需求正反馈的速度,结果,正反馈崩溃,纳斯达克指数暴跌,经济从繁荣的顶点跌到萧条的谷底。几乎每一个经济周期,都可以看成是一个正反馈逐渐起动、加速、狂欢、崩溃的过程。

价格运动同样如此。按照一般人的逻辑,市场交易应该是高抛低吸。鲜花5块钱一束不要,5毛钱一束就要,这是正常的经济生活现象。但是,还有一类经济现象是追涨杀跌,房子2000元/平米的时候觉得贵,2500元/平米的时候还觉得贵,到了3000元/平米的时候,就觉得便宜了。为什么?担心它涨到 4000元去!大家都觉得房价要上涨,于是都去买房,大量资金涌入房地产市场。房价真的上涨了,于是就有更多的资金涌入,形成了追涨杀跌,这是远远偏离均衡价格的一个演化思路。

正反馈意味着非均衡,越来越远离均衡。正反馈及其崩溃,意味着市场不能完成自我调节,或者必须以破坏性的方式——“创造性的毁灭”,完成自我调节。 “创造性的毁灭”,是熊彼特的用语,意指新技术的创造对旧技术、旧产业的毁灭,这至少还有一定的合理性。但是,在现实生活中,正反馈还可能意味着“破坏性的毁灭”。高息揽储型的正反馈,只有毁灭,没有创造。金融崩溃型的正反馈,也是只有毁灭,没有创造。社会能不能接受这样的非均衡?只要形成一个非均衡的追涨杀跌的机制,繁荣可以变得特别繁荣,但是,萧条也有可能变得特别萧条。

(作者单位:北京航空航天大学经济管理学院) 
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iphone5s拆机方法图解-多图 独家:iphone5s拆机方法图解--共37图 Step 1 — iPhone 5s Teardown • [size=1em]An iPhone release means a trip to the future—the iFixit teardown crew has traveled 17 hours forward in time to get the iPhone 5s early. • [size=1em]We want to send out a big thanks to our good friends at MacFixit Australia for letting us use their office in Melbourne for the teardown. They stock Mac and iPhone upgrades/accessories, and also carry ouriFixit toolkits. o [size=1em]To cover all our bases, we confirmed with our best linguists that the 5s upside-down is still the 5s. • [size=1em]Speaking of toolkits, for this teardown, we'll be using iFixit's brand-new Pro Tech Screwdriver Set. 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The marks on the side of the module are different, but our industry insiders tell us this is Sony's again" • [size=1em]As Apple has stated the pixel pitch on this camera is 1.5 μ, this sensor should not be the IMX145, but a newer variant. • [size=1em]The bottom of the camera is labeled AW32 65BD 4511 b763. Step 11 • [size=1em]For those of us counting steps and comparing with last year, we're unsurprisingly right on par. • [size=1em]A great example of Apple's iterative design, the 5s shows some streamlining and optimization in its internal construction. • [size=1em]Gone are those silly antenna interconnect cables, leaving one less thing to break or get accidentally disconnected. o [size=1em]If only they had decided to move that antenna connector from the bottom of the logic board to the top... Step 12 • [size=1em]Looks like we found a Murata 339S0205 Wi-Fi module (based on the Broadcom BCM4334, according to Chipworks). • [size=1em]Again comparing our 16 and 64 GB models: o [size=1em]It seems that the Murata IC is the same between both iPhone 5s'. o [size=1em]The design of both logic boards may be identical, but slight differences in markings (e.g. 94V-0 on the rightmost, nonexistent on the leftmost) may indicate that Apple is manufacturing the 5s logic boards at multiple locations. Step 13 ¶ • [size=1em]Open ses-EMI! Behold, IC treasures identified: o [size=1em]SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD3MBR 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash o [size=1em]Qualcomm PM8018 RF power management IC o [size=1em]TriQuint TQM6M6224 o [size=1em]Apple 338S1216 o [size=1em]Broadcom BCM5976 touchscreen controller o [size=1em]Texas Instruments 37C64G1 o [size=1em]Skyworks 77810 Step 14 • [size=1em]More ICs! o [size=1em]Skyworks 77355 o [size=1em]Avago A790720 o [size=1em]Avago A7900 o [size=1em]Apple 338S120L • [size=1em]A super-awesome thanks to the Chipworks team for helping us decode and discern these delightful devices! Step 15 • [size=1em]Turning our attention to the backside of the logic board: o [size=1em]Apple A7 APL0698 SoC (based on thisMacRumors post, the markings F8164A1PD indicate the RAM is likely 1GB) o [size=1em]Qualcomm MDM9615M LTE Modem o [size=1em]Qualcomm WTR1605LLTE/HSPA+/CDMA2K/TDSCDMA/EDGE/GPS transceiver. • [size=1em]As we search for a much-anticipated M7 coprocessor, we begin to wonder if it actually is a separate IC, or if it is additional functionality built into the A7. o [size=1em]Maybe the "M" stands for "magical," the M7 is invisible, and Apple does use pixie dust to hold the device together. Or perhaps the "M" stands for "marketing"… o [size=1em]Update: the M7 has been found! • [size=1em]Our A7 was fabbed in July. Step 16 • [size=1em]It's time to investigate the new kid on the block, and it's fly like an A7. Along with the fingerprint sensor, the A7 is a major enticement for consumers to pick the 5s over the 5c. • [size=1em]The A7 is advertised as providing twice the performance of the 5 (and 5c)'s A6 processor. o [size=1em]The switch to the A7 marks the first use of a 64-bit processor in a smartphone. Based on AnandTech's review, it seems that the bulk of the A7's performance gains do not come from any advantages inherent to a 64-bit architecture, but rather from the switch from the outdated ARMv7 instruction set to the newly-designed ARMv8. o [size=1em]The modern ARMv8 instruction set was designed for a 64-bit architecture. It does away with the legacy support of the last 20 years, which increases efficiency, improving performance without sacrificing battery life. • [size=1em]We'll have to wait until we get inside the chip to find out who manufactured it. Step 17 • [size=1em]Time for your close-up, selfie cam! • [size=1em]A few screws hold the 1.2MP FaceTime camera in place. • [size=1em]While the updated pixel size in the iSight camera may get a lot of attention, DIY paparazzi is what bling iPhones are all about. Step 18 • [size=1em]The lower peripherals on the 5s look very similar to those in the 5, though the speaker assembly comes out with slightly more ease in this iteration. • [size=1em]With the speaker assembly out, the headphone jack/microphone/Lightning connector assembly comes out easily. o [size=1em]As with previous generations, you will have to replace multiple components at once, since the design is not modular. Step 19 • [size=1em]We find another hardware update: the new dual flash. • [size=1em]White and amber LEDs sit by the camera to balance the flash-induced ghostly tones of night-life photography. Step 20 • [size=1em]iPhone 5s Repairability: 6 out of 10 (10 is easiest to repair) • [size=1em]Just like in the iPhone 5, the display assembly is the first component out of the phone, simplifying screen replacements. • [size=1em]The battery is still fairly easy to access, even though it's not technically "user replaceable." • [size=1em]The battery has lost the 5's convenient pull tab, and gained more resilient adhesive—it now requires heat and prying to remove. • [size=1em]The fingerprint sensor cable could be easily ripped out of its socket if a user is not careful while opening the phone. • [size=1em]The iPhone 5s still uses Pentalobe screws on the exterior, making the 5s difficult to open. • [size=1em]The front glass, digitizer, and LCD are all one component, thereby increasing cost of repair.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> - <profiledata xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <format_version>4</format_version> <tool_version>3</tool_version> - <preset id="ieq_open"> <data>iebt=[117, 133, 188, 176, 141, 149, 175, 185, 185, 200, 236, 242, 228, 213, 182, 132, 110, 68, -27, -240]</data> </preset> - <preset id="ieq_rich"> <data>iebt=[67, 95, 172, 163, 168, 201, 189, 242, 196, 221, 192, 186, 168, 139, 102, 57, 35, 9, -55, -235]</data> </preset> - <preset id="ieq_focused"> <data>iebt=[-419, -112, 75, 116, 113, 160, 165, 80, 61, 79, 98, 121, 64, 70, 44, -71, -33, -100, -238, -411]</data> </preset> - <profile id="movie" name="Movie"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[5] ded=[0] deon=[1] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[96] dssb=[96] dssf=[200] dvla=[7] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[2] vmb=[144] vmon=[0] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_open" /> </profile> - <profile id="music" name="Music"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[7] ded=[0] deon=[0] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[2] dssb=[0] dssf=[200] dvla=[4] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[2] vmb=[144] vmon=[0] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_open" /> </profile> - <profile id="game" name="Game"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[7] ded=[0] deon=[0] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[0] dssb=[0] dssf=[200] dvla=[0] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[2] vmb=[144] vmon=[0] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_open" /> </profile> - <profile id="voice" name="Voice"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[10] ded=[0] deon=[1] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[0] dssb=[0] dssf=[200] dvla=[0] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[0] vmb=[144] vmon=[0] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_rich" /> </profile> - <profile id="user1" name="Custom 1"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[7] ded=[0] deon=[0] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[48] dssb=[48] dssf=[200] dvla=[5] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[0] vmb=[144] vmon=[2] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_rich" /> </profile> - <profile id="user2" name="Custom 2"> <data>aoon=[2] dea=[7] ded=[0] deon=[0] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[48] dssb=[48] dssf=[200] dvla=[5] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[10] ieon=[0] ngon=[2] plb=[0] plmd=[4] vdhe=[0] vmb=[144] vmon=[2] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_rich" /> </profile> - <profile id="off" name="Off"> <data>aoon=[0] dea=[0] ded=[0] deon=[0] dhrg=[0] dhsb=[0] dssb=[0] dssf=[200] dvla=[0] dvle=[0] dvme=[0] gebg=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] geon=[0] iea=[0] ieon=[0] ngon=[0] plb=[0] plmd=[1] vdhe=[0] vmb=[0] vmon=[0] vspe=[0]</data> <include preset="ieq_open" /> </profile> - <!-- NOTE: <tuning> with endpoint other than SPEAKER do not use the band gain, UNLESS aoon is set 1 (from 2) and plmd is set to 2 (not 4). --> - <tuning id="tune0" name="DEFAULT ENDPOINT" endpoint="SPEAKER" tuned_rate="44100"> <data>aobf=[43, 129, 215, 301, 431, 603, 775, 947, 1206, 1550, 2067, 2756, 3618, 4651, 5685, 7063, 8958, 11025, 13781, 18777] aobg=[2, -240, 136, 168, 148, 156, 144, 160, 160, 160, 157, 132, 134, 82, 57, 44, 33, 35, 28, 75, 78, 3, -240, 136, 168, 148, 156, 144, 160, 160, 160, 157, 132, 134, 82, 57, 44, 33, 35, 28, 75, 78] arbf=[43, 129, 215, 301, 431, 603, 775, 947, 1206, 1550, 2067, 2756, 3618, 4651, 5685, 7063, 8958, 11025, 13781, 18777] arbh=[-960, -113, -149, -169, -255, -301, -155, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] arbl=[-960, -305, -341, -361, -447, -493, -347, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192, -192] arbi=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] arod=[0] artp=[12] dssa=[10]</data> </tuning> - <constant> <data>aocc=[2] aonb=[20] arnb=[20] dvli=[-320] dvlo=[-320] dvmc=[0] gebf=[43, 129, 215, 301, 431, 603, 775, 947, 1206, 1550, 2067, 2756, 3618, 4651, 5685, 7063, 8958, 11025, 13781, 18777] genb=[20] iebf=[65, 136, 223, 332, 467, 634, 841, 1098, 1416, 1812, 2302, 2909, 3663, 4598, 5756, 7194, 8976, 11186, 13927, 17326] ienb=[20]</data> </constant> - <authorized_technologies sku_name="Dolby Custom SKU" device="android" bundle="dapv1"> <audio_optimizer>true</audio_optimizer> <audio_regulator>true</audio_regulator> <volume_leveler>true</volume_leveler> <volume_maximizer>true</volume_maximizer> <graphic_equalizer>true</graphic_equalizer> <intelligent_equalizer>true</intelligent_equalizer> <dialog_enhancer>true</dialog_enhancer> <surround_virtualizer_headphone>true</surround_virtualizer_headphone> <surround_virtualizer_speaker>true</surround_virtualizer_speaker> </authorized_technologies> </profiledata>
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