YugabyteDB 行级地理分区技术详解-优快云博客

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/gitblog_00923/article/details/148440695

YugabyteDB 行级地理分区技术详解

yugabyte-db yugabyte/yugabyte-db: 是 YugaByte DB 的官方仓库，一个高性能、高可扩展、分布式的 SQL 数据库，支持 PostgreSQL 兼容性。适合对分布式数据库、SQL 数据库和云原生应用的开发者。项目地址: https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/yu/yugabyte-db

概述

在分布式数据库系统中，数据的地理分布对于满足合规性要求和降低延迟至关重要。YugabyteDB 提供的行级地理分区功能，允许开发者在行级别精细控制数据的地理位置分布，这对于需要低延迟多区域部署、事务一致性语义以及跨区域透明模式变更的应用场景特别有价值。

核心价值

行级地理分区主要解决两大核心问题：

性能优化：通过将数据靠近用户存放，显著降低访问延迟
合规性要求：满足如 GDPR 等法规对数据驻留地的严格要求

技术实现原理

行级地理分区通过两个关键步骤实现：

表分区：基于用户定义的列值将表划分为多个分区
地理绑定：通过表空间配置将每个分区绑定到特定的地理区域

行级地理分区架构

实战案例：跨国银行应用

我们以一个虚构的 Yuga 银行为例，演示如何实现跨区域的银行交易系统。

环境准备

首先创建三个主要区域的表空间：

-- 欧洲中部区域
CREATE TABLESPACE eu_central_1_tablespace WITH (
  replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3, "placement_blocks":
  [{"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-central-1","zone":"eu-central-1a","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-central-1","zone":"eu-central-1b","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-central-1","zone":"eu-central-1c","min_num_replicas":1}]}'
);

-- 美国西部区域
CREATE TABLESPACE us_west_2_tablespace WITH (
  replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3, "placement_blocks":
  [{"cloud":"aws","region":"us-west-2","zone":"us-west-2a","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-west-2","zone":"us-west-2b","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-west-2","zone":"us-west-2c","min_num_replicas":1}]}'
);

-- 印度区域
CREATE TABLESPACE ap_south_1_tablespace WITH (
  replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3, "placement_blocks":
  [{"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1a","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1b","min_num_replicas":1},
  {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1c","min_num_replicas":1}]}'
);

创建分区表

建立主表并定义分区策略：

CREATE TABLE bank_transactions (
    user_id   INTEGER NOT NULL,
    account_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
    geo_partition VARCHAR,
    account_type VARCHAR NOT NULL,
    amount NUMERIC NOT NULL,
    txn_type VARCHAR NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW()
) PARTITION BY LIST (geo_partition);

为每个区域创建子分区：

-- 欧洲分区
CREATE TABLE bank_transactions_eu
    PARTITION OF bank_transactions
    FOR VALUES IN ('EU') TABLESPACE eu_central_1_tablespace;

-- 印度分区  
CREATE TABLE bank_transactions_india
    PARTITION OF bank_transactions
    FOR VALUES IN ('India') TABLESPACE ap_south_1_tablespace;

-- 美国分区
CREATE TABLE bank_transactions_us
    PARTITION OF bank_transactions
    FOR VALUES IN ('US') TABLESPACE us_west_2_tablespace;

数据操作验证

插入测试数据并验证分布：

-- 欧洲用户交易
INSERT INTO bank_transactions
    VALUES (100, 10001, 'EU', 'checking', 120.50, 'debit');

-- 验证数据分布
SELECT * FROM bank_transactions_eu;  -- 应返回1条记录
SELECT * FROM bank_transactions_india;  -- 应返回0条记录

高级功能：动态扩展

当业务扩展到新地区时，可以动态添加新分区：

-- 添加巴西区域表空间
CREATE TABLESPACE sa_east_1_tablespace WITH (
    replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3, "placement_blocks":
      [{"cloud":"aws","region":"sa-east-1","zone":"sa-east-1a","min_num_replicas":1},
      {"cloud":"aws","region":"sa-east-1","zone":"sa-east-1b","min_num_replicas":1},
      {"cloud":"aws","region":"sa-east-1","zone":"sa-east-1c","min_num_replicas":1}]}'
);

-- 添加巴西分区
CREATE TABLE bank_transactions_brazil
    PARTITION OF bank_transactions
    FOR VALUES IN ('Brazil') TABLESPACE sa_east_1_tablespace;