YugabyteDB实战：构建全球化应用中的全局表与本地化表设计-优快云博客

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/gitblog_00830/article/details/148440629

YugabyteDB实战：构建全球化应用中的全局表与本地化表设计

yugabyte-db yugabyte/yugabyte-db: 是 YugaByte DB 的官方仓库，一个高性能、高可扩展、分布式的 SQL 数据库，支持 PostgreSQL 兼容性。适合对分布式数据库、SQL 数据库和云原生应用的开发者。项目地址: https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/yu/yugabyte-db

引言

在现代分布式数据库架构设计中，如何平衡数据全局可用性与本地化合规要求是一个关键挑战。本文将深入探讨如何利用YugabyteDB实现混合数据分布策略，既保持部分数据的全局可访问性，又满足特定地区的数据驻留要求。

业务场景分析

假设我们运营一个跨国电商平台，业务覆盖美国、欧洲和印度次大陆。这个业务场景存在两个核心需求：

产品目录数据：需要全球所有地区都能快速访问
订单数据：需要遵守GDPR等数据保护法规，将用户订单数据保留在用户所在地区

同时，所有数据访问都需要保证低延迟，为用户提供流畅的购物体验。

YugabyteDB集群配置

为实现上述目标，我们需要建立一个跨3个地区的RF3集群：

美国东部（us-east-1）
欧洲西部（eu-west-1）
印度南部（ap-south-1）

这种三区域部署确保了数据的全球分布和本地化存储能力。

全局产品目录设计

创建全局表空间

首先为全局数据创建专用表空间：

CREATE TABLESPACE global WITH (
    replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3,
    "placement_blocks":[
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-east-1","zone":"us-east-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-west-1","zone":"eu-west-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1}
    ]}'
);

创建产品目录表

将产品目录表关联到全局表空间：

CREATE TABLE catalog (
    id INTEGER NOT NULL,    -- 产品ID
    name VARCHAR NOT NULL,  -- 产品名称
    price DECIMAL NOT NULL  -- 基础价格
) TABLESPACE global;

技术要点：

默认情况下，YugabyteDB中的所有表都是全局分布的
为清晰区分数据分布策略，显式创建全局表空间是推荐做法
对于频繁更新的全局表，建议将leader偏好设置在主业务区

本地化订单数据设计

创建分区表基础结构

CREATE TABLE orders (
    orderid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    userid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    productid INTEGER NOT NULL,
    price DECIMAL NOT NULL, -- 销售价格
    geo VARCHAR
) PARTITION BY LIST (geo);

为各地区创建专用表空间

美国地区表空间：

CREATE TABLESPACE us WITH (
    replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3,
    "placement_blocks":[
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-east-1","zone":"us-east-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-east-1","zone":"us-east-1b","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"us-east-1","zone":"us-east-1c","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1}
    ]}'
);

欧洲地区表空间：

CREATE TABLESPACE eu WITH (
    replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3,
    "placement_blocks":[
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-west-1","zone":"eu-west-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-west-1","zone":"eu-west-1b","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"eu-west-1","zone":"eu-west-1c","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1}
    ]}'
);

印度地区表空间：

CREATE TABLESPACE india WITH (
    replica_placement='{"num_replicas": 3,
    "placement_blocks":[
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1a","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1b","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1},
        {"cloud":"aws","region":"ap-south-1","zone":"ap-south-1c","min_num_replicas":1,"leader_preference":1}
    ]}'
);

创建地区分区

-- 美国分区
CREATE TABLE us PARTITION OF orders (
   orderid, productid, userid, price, geo, 
   PRIMARY KEY (orderid HASH, geo)
) FOR VALUES IN ('us') TABLESPACE us;

-- 欧洲分区
CREATE TABLE eu PARTITION OF orders (
   orderid, productid, userid, price, geo, 
   PRIMARY KEY (orderid HASH, geo)
) FOR VALUES IN ('eu') TABLESPACE eu;

-- 印度分区
CREATE TABLE india PARTITION OF orders (
   orderid, productid, userid, price, geo, 
   PRIMARY KEY (orderid HASH, geo)
) FOR VALUES IN ('in') TABLESPACE india;