深入Phtread(三)：线程的同步-Condition Variables

深入Phtread(三)：线程的同步-Condition Variables

    继续昨天的线程同步，条件变量（Condition Variables）是用于线程间，通信共享数据状态改变的机制。

1. 简介
2. 条件变量的创建和销毁
3. 等待条件变量
4. 唤醒等待条件变量的线程

简介

    当线程互斥地访问一些共享的状态时，往往会有些线程需要等到这些状态改变后才应该继续执行。如：有一个共享的队列，一个线程往队列里面插入数据，另一个线程从队列中取数据，当队列为空的时候，后者应该等待队列里面有值才能取数据。而共享数据（队列）应该用mutex来保护，为了检查共享数据的状态（队列是否为空），线程必须先锁定mutex，然后检查，最后解锁mutex。

 

    问题出来了：当另外一个线程B锁定mutex后，往队列里面插入了一个值，B并不知道A在等着它往队列里面放入一个值。，线程A（等待状态改变）一直在运行，线程B可能已经检查过队列是空的，并不知道队列里已经有值了，所以一直阻塞着自己。为了解决这样的问题引入了条件变量机制。线程B等待于一个条件变量，当线程A插入了一个值后，signal或broadcast这个条件变量，通知线程B状态已改变，A发现条件变量被signaled了，就继续执行。就这样，当一个线程改变共享数据状态后，可以及时通知那些等待于该状态的线程。图示下：

 

    中间的矩形代表条件变量，当线程线位于矩形内，表示线程等待该条件变量。位于中心线下下方，则表示signal了该条件变量。

    开始线程1 signal 了条件变量，由于没有其他线程等待于该条件变量，所以没什么效果。然后，线程1和线程2先后等待该条件变量，过了一会，线程3 signal了条件变量，线程3的信号解除了线程1的阻塞。然后，线程3等待该条件变量。最后线程1 broadcast了该条件变量，同时解除了等待于条件变量的线程1和线程2。

 

条件变量的创建和销毁

pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;

int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_condattr_t* condattr);

int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t* cond);

 

和互斥量一样，可以动态创建和静态创建。

静态创建：条件变量声明为extern或static变量时。

例程：

#include <pthread.h> #include "error.h" typedef struct my_struct_tag { pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t cond; int value; } my_struct_t; my_struct_t data = {PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER, 0}; int main() { return 0; }

 

动态创建：一般情况下，条件变量要和它的判定条件定义在一起，此时若包含该条件变量的数据动态创建了，则条件变量也需要动态创建，不过记得不用时用pthread_cond_destroy销毁。

 

例程：

#include <pthread.h> #include "error.h" typedef struct my_struct_tag { pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t cond; int value; } my_struct_t; int main() { my_struct_t* data; data = (my_struct_t*)malloc(sizeof(my_struct_t)); if(data == NULL) ERROR_ABORT(errno,"Allocate structure"); int status; status = pthread_mutex_init(&data->mutex, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Initial mutex"); status = pthread_cond_init(&data->cond, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Initial condition"); /* .... */ status = pthread_cond_destroy(&data->cond); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Destroy cond"); status = pthread_mutex_destroy(&data->mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Destroy mutex"); free(data); return 0; }

 

等待条件变量

int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_mutex_t* mutex);

int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_mutex_t* mutex, struct timespec* expiration);

 

    条件变量与互斥量一起使用，调用pthread_cond_wait或pthread_cond_timedwait时，记得在前面锁定mutex，尽可能多的判断判定条件。上面提到的两个等待条件变量的函数，显示解锁mutex，然后阻塞线程等待状态改变，等待的条件变量signaled后，锁定mutex，返回。记着，这两个函数返回时，mutex一定是锁定的。

 

多个条件变量可以共享一个互斥变量，相反则不成立。

 

例程：

#include <pthread.h> #include <time.h> #include "error.h" #include <errno.h> typedef struct my_struct_tag { pthread_mutex_t mutex; pthread_cond_t cond; int value; } my_struct_t; my_struct_t data = { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER, 0}; int hibernation = 1; void* wait_thread(void* arg) { int status; sleep(hibernation); status = pthread_mutex_lock(&data.mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex"); data.value = 1; status = pthread_cond_signal(&data.cond); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Singal cond"); status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&data.mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); return NULL; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { pthread_t tid; int status; struct timespec timeout; if(argc > 1) hibernation = atoi(argv[1]); status = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, wait_thread, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Create wait thread"); timeout.tv_sec = time(NULL) + 2; timeout.tv_nsec = 0; status = pthread_mutex_lock(&data.mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex"); while(data.value == 0) { status = pthread_cond_timedwait(&data.cond, &data.mutex, &timeout); if(status == ETIMEDOUT) { printf("Condition wait timed out./n"); break; }else if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "timewait"); } if(data.value != 0) printf("Condition wa signaled!/n"); status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&data.mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); }  
 

唤醒等待条件变量的线程

 

int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t* cond);

int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t* cond);

 

    一但有线程由于某些判定条件（predicate）没满足，等待条件变量。我们就有必要当条件满足时，发送信号去唤醒这些线程。

    注意：broadcast通常很容易被认为是signal的通用版，其实不能这样理解，准确一点应该说，signal是broadcast的优化版。具体区别不大，但signal效率较broadcast高些。但你不确信有几个线程等待条件变量时用broadcast（When in doubt, broadcast!）。

 

例程：

 #include "error.h" #include <pthread.h> #include <time.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> typedef struct alarm_tag { struct alarm_tag* link; int seconds; time_t time; char message[64]; } alarm_t; pthread_mutex_t alarm_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; pthread_cond_t alarm_cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER; alarm_t* alarm_list = NULL; time_t current_alarm = 0; /** * alarm_mutex need to be locked */ void alarm_insert(alarm_t* alarm) { int status; alarm_t* next; alarm_t** last; last = &alarm_list; next = *last; while(next != NULL) { if(next->time >= alarm->time) { alarm->link = next; *last = alarm; break; } last = &next->link; next = next->link; } if(next == NULL){ *last = alarm; alarm->link = NULL; } /*for test: output the list*/ printf("[list: "); for(next = alarm_list; next != NULL; next = next->link) { printf("%d(%d)[/"%s/"] ", next->time, next->time-time(NULL), next->message); } printf("]/n"); if(current_alarm ==0 || alarm->time < current_alarm) { current_alarm = alarm->time; status = pthread_cond_signal(&alarm_cond); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status,"Signal cond"); } } void* alarm_thread(void* arg) { alarm_t* alarm; int sleep_time; time_t now; int status, expired; struct timespec cond_time; while(1) { status = pthread_mutex_lock(&alarm_mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "lock"); current_alarm = 0; while(alarm_list == NULL) { status = pthread_cond_wait(&alarm_cond, &alarm_mutex); if(status != 0 ) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Wait cond"); } alarm = alarm_list; alarm_list = alarm->link; now = time(NULL); expired = 0; if(alarm->time > now) { printf("[wating: %d(%d)/"%s/"]/n", alarm->time, alarm->time - time(NULL), alarm->message); cond_time.tv_sec = alarm->time; cond_time.tv_nsec = 0; current_alarm = alarm->time; while(current_alarm == alarm->time) { status = pthread_cond_timedwait(&alarm_cond, &alarm_mutex,&cond_time); if(status == ETIMEDOUT) { expired = 1; break; } } if(!expired) alarm_insert(alarm); }else expired = 1; if(expired) { printf("(%d) %s/n", alarm->seconds, alarm->message); free(alarm); } status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&alarm_mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex"); } return 0; } int main() { pthread_t pid; int status; char line[128]; status = pthread_create(&pid, NULL, alarm_thread, NULL); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread_create"); while(1) { fprintf(stdout, "Alarm>"); fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin); if(strlen(line) <= 0) continue; alarm_t* alarm = (alarm_t*)malloc(sizeof(alarm_t)); if(alarm == NULL) ERROR_ABORT(errno,"memory can't allocated!"); if(sscanf(line, "%d %s", &alarm->seconds, alarm->message) != 2) { printf("Bad Command/n"); free(alarm); continue; } status = pthread_mutex_lock(&alarm_mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread mutex locking.."); alarm->time = time(NULL) + alarm->seconds; /* insert into list*/ alarm_insert(alarm); status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&alarm_mutex); if(status != 0) ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread mutex unlocking..."); } return 0; }

 

author: david( heaven.hell.or@gmail.com)

page: http://code.google.com/p/heavenhell/