商务英语学习方法指导

BBC学习方法指导

华中科技大学管理学院 郎可夫

 

一、怎样学习和提高口语和听说能力?

1)  听—— 听磁带, 不看书面文字和课本。

（Listening—listen to the tapes, without referring to the textbook）

 2）理解——理解基本句型和其功能。

（Understanding— understand the basic sentence patterns and its functions）

 3） 复述——模仿所听内容，不看文字材料。

（Repeating—imitate what you have heard without the textbook）

 4) 造句——运用所学句型造句。

 （Making–- make sentences and apply the patterns into practice）

 

二、为什么要这样做?

工作记忆与长期记忆

工作记忆把短期记忆得到的信息与长期记忆联系在一起。

工作记忆按一定步骤运行。缓冲块作为处理器在无意识的情况下平行工作，并与集成信息的工作记忆沟通。其它类型的缓冲块还有许多，包括拼写，语音及情感。

 Working Memory is serial.  The buffers are dedicated processors that work in parallel in the unconscious way and communicate with the working memory which integrates the data.  There are many other buffers as well, including orthographic, phonological, and emotional.

 

值得注意的是，长期记忆也能修正或干扰处理器的工作。由于人扪预期的语音能对实际声音输入产生干扰，阅读文字也能对听力产生干扰。

Note that long-term memories can also modify or interfere with sensory processors.  Hence, seeing text can interfere with listening, since one’s expected pronunciation can interfere with the actual auditory input.

 

三、我们学习语言的过程是怎样的?

语言的习得过程

1. 泛听—— 逐渐熟悉基本内容。初步理解。

Listen – become familiar with the general content. General Comprehension.

2. 精听——重点了解细节和结构。细致理解。

Focus on the details of meaning and　structure.  Detailed Comprehension.

3.  复述和记忆每个句子。形成正确语音和流利表达。

Say and record each sentence.  Build oral  fluency and pronunciation.

4. 定期回顾和总结。通过听说读写延伸和巩固重要内容。

Review and summarize each section on a regular basis.  Extend and personalize the deep content through the 4-Skills Path. 

 

 四、如何能提高效率?  

不能“只见树叶，不见树干和树枝”。应把树干和树枝看作支撑英语的骨架，单词则是树叶。

树干和树枝受到刺激时，它门会具有‘粘性’，新的单词就有了着落。离开树干和树枝，树叶就会被遗忘和丢失，就象计算机内有文档，而文件夹却杂乱无章，没有头绪。要提高记忆效率，必须有清楚的目标。（Lance Knowls）

Don’t learn the leaves without the branches to support and organize them.  Think of the trunk and branches as the conceptual underpinnings (supports) of the target language, and the vocabulary as the leaves.  As the branches are exercised, they become ‘sticky’ and new vocabulary items have a place to go.  Without the branches, the leaves are easily forgotten and drop away, just as a file on a computer which has a disorganized file structure. Items must be properly tagged in order to be remembered quickly.  (Lance Knowls)

  

五、什么是英语的“树干”和“树枝”?

 英语的“树干”就是英语的5个基本句型，“树枝”就是基本句型的扩展和延伸。

 BBC教材（Starting Business English）的最大特点之一就是“深入浅出”。其中的句子变化万千,但其基本结构却很有规律，这些规律就是英语的精髓。

 1.1   英文句子的五个基本句型
 按谓语的特点分类， 英文有五个基本句型。它们是： 

（I）   “主 + 系 + 表”     

（II）  “主 + 动 + (状)”    

（III） “主 + 动 + 宾”    

（IV） “主 + 动 + 宾 + 宾”

（V）  “主 + 动 + 宾 + 补”

 

〖解说〗所有完整的英文句子必须有主语（Subject）和谓语（Predicate）两个部分。主语是句子的核心，它指明句子讲的是什么；谓语是对主语加以说明的部分，它提供有关主语的新信息。概括地说，英文句子 = 主语 + 谓语 。在头脑中形成这种造句的基本模式，即可形成英文的思维方式。

 

抽象形式：                     具体形式：

1. S  +  Vlink  +  P       I  am Edward Green.

2. S  +  Vi  +  ( adv)     I  start at Bibury Systems today.

3. S  +  Vt   +  O       I  met Derek in the R &D department.

4. S  +  Vt  +  Oi  + Od   Derek showed me the latest product.

5. S  +  Vt    +  Oi   +  C    They call it Big Boss.

  

第一基本句型：  S  +  Vlink  +  P       I  am Edward Green.

 〖特点〗第一基本句型以系动词为中心，主要表示主语具有何种性质或处在何种状态。该句型可以用来表达人们对万事万物的判断和认识，即： “…是…” ，“…怎样…”。从结构上看，这个句型的谓语部分由系动词充当，表语部分可以由名词、副词、形容词、动词不定式等充当。

 （BBC）教材《 Starting Business English》基本句型举例：

My name is Edward Green.

I am here to see Don Bradley

I’m Jenny Ross.

I’m the Head of Administration office in the Marketing Department.

My boss is Don Bradley.

It is cold this morning.

Well, it’s getting late.

It looks impressive.

Please feel free to interrupt.

I am afraid Mr. Smith isn’t in the office tomorrow.

Clive, it is essential that we have these on the shelves by the end of this week.

 

第二基本句型：S  +  Vi  +  ( adv)          I  start at Bibury Systems today.

〖特点〗第二基本句型以不及物动词为中心，表示主语在何种情况下自身发出何种动作。这个结构中的状语不是必备的部分，但实际使用中通常带有状语。英文中有大量的动词既可作不及物动词又可作及物动词，上列句子中的change， eat， start，就属于这种情况。为了掌握好这个句型，应逐步养成记忆动词用法的习惯，有意识地记住哪些动词可以接宾语（S + Vt + O），哪些动词不能接宾语（S + Vi），哪些动词既可以接宾语也可以不接宾语。

 （BBC）教材《 Starting Business English》基本句型举例：

I agree.

Tray again.

Yes, hang on.

Edward Green starts today.

Can we meet?

But I have lived in the UK for five years.

I shall begin by talking about the market research.

No, please wait.

Then let’s go to the French restaurant.

I’ll ring again tomorrow.

News travels fast in the toy industry.

I think you ought to stay at head office.

Tonight I must sleep.

It will cost three times as much as Big Boss.

That’s very kind of you, but I would like to walk.

 

第三基本句型： S  +  Vt     +  O      I  met Derek Jones in the R &D department.

〖特点〗第三基本句型以及物动词为中心词， 表示主语针对某一对象发出某种动作。这个句型的谓语动词主要说明主语“干某事”，如“打球”、“读书”、“看电视”等。由于人们在生活中从事许多活动，可用于这个结构的动词十分丰富。随着动词的复杂化，动词后的接续关系也会产生相应的变化。在这个句型中，充当宾语的成分可以是名词，不定式短语，动名词短语等相当于名词的成分。

 

（BBC）教材《 Starting Business English》基本句型举例：

 He has no experience.

Do you understand the problem?

I know you have a busy itinerary.

And you have met Geraldine, our receptionist?

Do you like it?

You could try ringing this afternoon.

Okay, I’ll try to explain that more simply.

I enjoy coming to Britain.

I really enjoy going to the theatre.

I like meeting visitors.

We like to keep our staff hungry.

At this stage of presentation we want to present a broad company profile.

I would like to stay an extra day if that is possible.

Well I hope we have a change to talk again.

I hope to return your hospitality when you come to Japan next month.

I was planning to go to the theatre to see the “Twelfth Night”.

I am trying to arrange the meeting with Mr. Sakai.

I intend to start looking for a company that values new ideas.

I promise to keep it brief.

I need to speak to my boss.

How often do you manage to play golf?

Because of the market profile of your catalogue, we have decided to offer you an extra 2.5% commission on sales through the catalogue in exchange for exclusivity.

 

第四基本句型：S + Vt + Oi + Od     Derek showed me the latest product.

〖特点〗第四基本句型以及物动词为中心，表示主语针对何人何物发出何种动作。这个句型中的动词主要具有给予（give）和告之（tell）的含义。人们在社会中总是不断地促使物质或信息流动，如：什么人给我什么，什么人告诉我什么；我给何人何物，我告诉何人何事等等。这些事情看起来很纷繁，而用句型来表达则相当有规律。

（BBC）教材《 Starting Business English》基本句型举例：

 

So give him the trigger.

I must assure you that it won’t happen again.

They asked the development team how much it would cost to manufacture the product.

They asked the Marketing Department two questions.

Could you tell me the best way of getting there?

And here we have some copy that tells us what the product can do.

I’ll show you what I mean.

Will you be able to offer him a game?

Can I offer you a lift?

 

第五基本句型：      S  +  Vt    +  Oi   +  C    They call it Big Boss.

〖特点〗第五句型以要求有补语的动词为中心，表示主语发现或促使何人何物处于什么状态或发出什么动作。第五基本句型中的谓语动词表达一个复合的概念，如：“给…取名”，“发现… 处于什么状态”，“要求…干什么事”等。在这个句型中，充当宾语补足语的成分相应也比较灵活，可以是形容词，名词，动词，分词，不定式等。

 

（BBC）教材《 Starting Business English》基本句型举例：

 

We call him Clive.

I’ll ask her to call you back.

Now we can get the contract finalised.

We must get this right.

Travelling makes me very tired.

Sorry, I’ll keep it simple.

I’ll have the bell hop see to your bags.

The trigger word makes the Boss speak.

Big Boss made me smile.

Do you really want me to negotiate?

 

 

主要教学参考书：

1． Hornby A S. Guide to Patterns and Usage in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976

2． Bander, Robert G. American English Rhetoric. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978

3． 郎可夫 《英文写作方法及应用》 English Writing And Its Application 华中科技大学出版社，2000