CV常见损失函数

1. Dice loss
   
   

class DiceLoss(nn.Module):
    '''
    Loss function from https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.03237,
    where iou computation is introduced heatmap manner to measure the
    diversity bwtween tow heatmaps.
    '''
    def __init__(self, eps=1e-6):
        super(DiceLoss, self).__init__()
        self.eps = eps

    def forward(self, pred: torch.Tensor, gt, mask, weights=None):
        '''
        pred: one or two heatmaps of shape (N, 1, H, W),
            the losses of tow heatmaps are added together.
        gt: (N, 1, H, W)
        mask: (N, H, W)
        '''
        assert pred.dim() == 4, pred.dim()
        return self._compute(pred, gt, mask, weights)

    def _compute(self, pred, gt, mask, weights):
        if pred.dim() == 4:
            pred = pred[:, 0, :, :]
            gt = gt[:, 0, :, :]
        assert pred.shape == gt.shape
        assert pred.shape == mask.shape
        if weights is not None:
            assert weights.shape == mask.shape
            mask = weights * mask

        intersection = (pred * gt * mask).sum()
        union = (pred * mask).sum() + (gt * mask).sum() + self.eps
        loss = 1 - 2.0 * intersection / union
        assert loss <= 1
        return loss

2. Focal loss
   https://github.com/yatengLG/Focal-Loss-Pytorch

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Author  : LG
from torch import nn
import torch
from torch.nn import functional as F

class focal_loss(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, alpha=0.25, gamma=2, num_classes = 3, size_average=True):
        """
        focal_loss损失函数, -α(1-yi)**γ *ce_loss(xi,yi)
        步骤详细的实现了 focal_loss损失函数.
        :param alpha:   阿尔法α,类别权重.      当α是列表时,为各类别权重,当α为常数时,类别权重为[α, 1-α, 1-α, ....],常用于 目标检测算法中抑制背景类 , retainnet中设置为0.25
        :param gamma:   伽马γ,难易样本调节参数. retainnet中设置为2
        :param num_classes:     类别数量
        :param size_average:    损失计算方式,默认取均值
        """
        super(focal_loss,self).__init__()
        self.size_average = size_average
        if isinstance(alpha,list):
            assert len(alpha)==num_classes   # α可以以list方式输入,size:[num_classes] 用于对不同类别精细地赋予权重
            print(" --- Focal_loss alpha = {}, 将对每一类权重进行精细化赋值 --- ".format(alpha))
            self.alpha = torch.Tensor(alpha)
        else:
            assert alpha<1   #如果α为一个常数,则降低第一类的影响,在目标检测中为第一类
            print(" --- Focal_loss alpha = {} ,将对背景类进行衰减,请在目标检测任务中使用 --- ".format(alpha))
            self.alpha = torch.zeros(num_classes)
            self.alpha[0] += alpha
            self.alpha[1:] += (1-alpha) # α 最终为 [ α, 1-α, 1-α, 1-α, 1-α, ...] size:[num_classes]

        self.gamma = gamma

    def forward(self, preds, labels):
        """
        focal_loss损失计算
        :param preds:   预测类别. size:[B,N,C] or [B,C]    分别对应与检测与分类任务, B 批次, N检测框数, C类别数
        :param labels:  实际类别. size:[B,N] or [B]
        :return:
        """
        # assert preds.dim()==2 and labels.dim()==1
        preds = preds.view(-1,preds.size(-1))
        self.alpha = self.alpha.to(preds.device)
        preds_logsoft = F.log_softmax(preds, dim=1) # log_softmax
        preds_softmax = torch.exp(preds_logsoft)    # softmax

        preds_softmax = preds_softmax.gather(1,labels.view(-1,1))   # 这部分实现nll_loss ( crossempty = log_softmax + nll )
        preds_logsoft = preds_logsoft.gather(1,labels.view(-1,1))
        self.alpha = self.alpha.gather(0,labels.view(-1))
        loss = -torch.mul(torch.pow((1-preds_softmax), self.gamma), preds_logsoft)  # torch.pow((1-preds_softmax), self.gamma) 为focal loss中 (1-pt)**γ

        loss = torch.mul(self.alpha, loss.t())
        if self.size_average:
            loss = loss.mean()
        else:
            loss = loss.sum()
        return loss

3. abc