SEM1 PSYCHOLOGY LEC1

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what is psychology

what is psychology and what does it mean
to you

The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and haw they
are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external
environment

The study of psychology should be:

scientific

empirical

what are some of the major perspectives
in psychology

develop in 19th centuryfrom speculation to sciencewilhelm wundtestablished the first laboratory to study of psychologycampaigned to make psychology an independent disciplineintrospectiondevelopment of psychologystructuralismfunctionalismdevelopment of psychology the unconscious mindwho?sigmund freudunconscious processes influencing behaviorunconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role
ibehaviorcontroversial notions caused debate/resistanceThe Development of Psychology: BehaviorismJohn B. Watson - Psychologist turns advertiserabandoned the study of consciousnessFocused on overt & observable behavior B.F. SkinnerEnvironmental factors determine behaviorResponses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated; responses
that lead to negative outcomes are not repeatedControversy: beyond Freedom and DignityThe Development of Psychology: HumanismHumanistic perspectiveCharges that the perspectives were de-humanizingCarl Rogers & Abraham MaslowUnique qualities of humans: freedom & personal growthSelf-Actualization and hierarchy of needsThe Development of Psychology: The Biological Basis of BehaviorIn terms of physiological processesJames Olds: Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional
responses in animalsRoger Sperry: Left and right brain specializationThe Development of Psychology: Cognitive Psychology - The study of
mental processesCognitive psychology - Cognition: mental processes involved in
acquiring knowledge1950’s & 60’s - Piaget, Chomsky, & SimonApplication of scientific methods to studying internal mental
eventsSystemic approach to understand mental processesThe Development of Psychology: Natural Section & Evolutionary
Psychologynatural selectionDevelopment of Modern Psychology - An interactive historical overview
Manual

different research methods in psychology

Description

Prediction

Explanation

Application

observecorrelational research-> predictionexperimental researchapplied ressearch

research in psychologyhypothesisoperational definitionsmajor methods in psychologydescriptivecase studiesdetailed descriptions ofobservational studiesnaturalistic observationlaboratory observationpsychological testsstandardizationreliabilityvaliditysurveysQuestionnaires and
interviews that ask people about experiences, attitudes, or op1n1onsRequires attention to proper sampling proceduresPopular polls and surveys rely on volunteerscorrelationalA descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship
between two phenomenacorrelationa numerical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship
between two things - variablescharacteristics of behavior or experiences that can be measured or
described by a numeric scalemanipulated, assessed in scientific studiespositive correlationsnegative correlationsexperimentcontrolrandomexperimental

A detailed description of a particular
individual being studied or treated is called ________.

a naturalistic observation

B. a single-blind study

C. a representative sample

D. a case study

A negative correlation means that high
values of one variable are associated with low values of the other___

Experimenters can justify the use of
deception because it may be necessary for the experiment to work.

Freud said phobias were repressed conflicts, whereas Watson said phobias were
_learned.

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy!
and it is your turn. “I’ll take Specialties in Psychology for $300.”
The revealed answer is, “These psychological
professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have
an impact on mental health.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what
will you say?

What is a psychiatric
social worker?

The goals of
psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control behavior

When you watch
dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you
are engaging in a form of naturalistic observation

Which perspective focuses on free will and
self-actualization? humanism

Who was an early proponent of functionalism? william james

Single-blind study is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in
the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which
participants are part of which group.

psychology is the science of behavior and
mental processes.

A psychological psychologist studies the
biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Which of the following is not one of the enduring issues in the field of psychology?

Sex/gender

Who founded Behaviorism?

Watson

Wundt is a structuralist

Cognitive
psychology emphasizes:

Your Answer:

the study of psychology in the broadest sense, i.e., thinking, feeling,
learning, remembering, and making decisions.

The processes involved in learning, memory,
sensation, perception, and cognition are investigated by which types of
psychologists? Experimental

Freud use the research method: case study method

Which describes the Behaviorist school of
thought?

Studies observable and measurable actions.

Gestalt theory emphasizes

our tendency to see patterns.

Psychology is a complex science that relies
on rigorous scientific methods to understand the mental processes and behaviors
of individuals.

There is agreement among psychologists
about the causes of human behaviors, mental processes, and traits.

This would be impossible. If so, there
would not be a need for the many theoretical perspectives All theories explain
some aspect of an individual well, but no one theory can explain all mental
processes and behaviors of individuals.

Wilhelm Wundt’s method of having trained
observers report on their own sensations, mental images, and emotional
reactions was called

introspection.

Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of
behavior and consciousness.

The learning perspective emphasizes how
the environment and experience affect a person’s or animal’s actions.

Evolutionary psychology is a new area of specialty
that focuses on the influence of genes on the adaptive function of past and
present common human behaviors.

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can diagnose and treat individuals with
emotional difficulties.

Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical
significance.

biological

D. A psychological approach that emphasizes
the interaction between bodily events and changes associated with behaviors,
mental processes, and emotions.

sociocultural

B. A psychological approach that emphasizes
social and cultural influences on an individual’s way of thinking and
behaving.

Cognitive perspective

A. A psychological approach that focuses on
mental processes and how they influence aspects such as perception, memory,
emotions, and problem solving skills.

learning

C. A psychological approach that focuses on
how experiences and environmental factors influence behavior.

psychodynamic

E. This psychological approach is concerned
with the inner forces and conflicts of the unconscious mind.

Which type of research method allows a
researcher to determine cause and effect relationships? the experimental method

In an experiment to test the effects of
stress on performance, the independent variable is stress.

An organized system of assumptions and
principles that purports to explain certain phenomena and how they are related
is called a theory

One problem with experimental research is
that the conditions that can be controlled and manipulated by researchers may
influence behavior or mental processes in a way that doesn’t occur naturally in
real life. For this reason, many psychologists have called for more field
research

What research method is used to obtain
information about attitudes, opinions, and experiences directly from
individuals survey

A precise definition of a term in a
hypothesis is called an operational definition.

A study in which the researcher
systematically observes, measures, and records behavior without interfering
with the behavior is called an observational study.

The ability of a test to measure what it
was designed to measure is called validity

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which
the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another is
called the experiment

An inactive substance or fake treatment
used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient
is called a placebo

An experiment in which neither the subjects
nor the individuals running the study know which subjects are in the control
group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are
tallied is called a double-blind study.

tests

Instruments or procedures used to measure
and evaluate various aspects of mental processes and behavior such as
personality, emotional states, and cognitive abilities

experiment

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which
the researcher manipulates one variable in an attempt to discover the effect it
has on another variable.

observational study

A research method in which researchers
carefully observes and records behavior without interfering with the
behavior.

Correlational study

A descriptive study in which the
relationship between two variables is statistically measured.

Case study

A detailed description of an individual
based on formal psychological testing and/or observation.

survey

A research method used to obtain
information directly from individuals about their attitudes, opinions, and
experiences using questionnaires or interviews.

A psychologist who studies how memory
changes over the lifespan is conducting basic research.

If a test that is supposed to measure
comprehension of geometry does in fact measure geometric test knowledge, that
test is said to be valid.

In an experiment, the variable that the
experimenter predicts will be affected by the independent variable is dependent
variable.

What statistical technique tells how
clustered or spread out individual scores are around the mean standard
deviation