runtime是一套可以进行一些非常底层的用OC无法实现的操作的纯C语言的API。
Objective-C类由一个指向objc_class结构体的指针来表示
//An opaque type that represents an Objective-C class.
typedef struct objc_class *Class;
objc/runtime.h中objc_class结构体的定义如下:
struct objc_class {
Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
#if !__OBJC2__
Class super_class OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
const char *name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;//类名
long version OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
long info OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
long instance_size OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
struct objc_ivar_list *ivars OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;//该类的成员变量列表
struct objc_method_list **methodLists OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
struct objc_cache *cache OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;//缓存最近使用的方法
struct objc_protocol_list *protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif
} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
一个类的实例由结构体objc_object来表示
//Represents an instance of a class.
struct objc_object {
Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;
};
//A pointer to an instance of a class.
typedef struct objc_object *id;
当我们向一个Objective-C对象发送消息时,运行时库会根据实例对象的isa指针找到这个实例对象所属的类。Runtime库会在类或其父类的方法列表中查询并执行与消息对应的selector指向的方法。
元类(MetaClass)是一个类对象的类
(所有的类自身也是一个对象,我们可以向这个对象发送消息—调用类方法。)
meta-class也是一个类,也可以向它发送一个消息。Objective-C的设计者让所有的meta-class的isa指向基类的meta-class,以此作为它们的所属类。即,任何NSObject继承体系下的meta-class都使用NSObject的meta-class作为自己的所属类,而基类的meta-class的isa指针是指向它自己。这样就形成了一个完美的闭环。
UIView *testView = [[UIView alloc] init];
NSLog(@"%p", self);
NSLog(@"%s", class_getName([testView class] ));
NSLog(@"class is %s, superclass is %s", class_getName([self class]),
class_getName([self superclass]));
Class currentClass = [self class];
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
NSLog(@"Following the isa pointer %d times gives %p", i, currentClass);
currentClass = objc_getClass((__bridge void *)currentClass);
}
控制台输出:
0x7fa410c1f990
UIView
class is ViewController, superclass is UIViewController
Following the isa pointer 0 times gives 0x101c4e6c0
Following the isa pointer 1 times gives 0x0
Following the isa pointer 2 times gives 0x0
runtime对类和对象的操作
runtime提供了大量的函数来操作类与对象。类的操作方法大部分是以class_为前缀的,而对象的操作方法大部分是以objc_或object_为前缀。
对类操作
runtime提供的操作类的方法主要是针对结构体objc_class中的各个字段的。
//Returns the name of a class.
const char * class_getName(Class cls);
//Returns the superclass of a class.
Class class_getSuperclass(Class cls);
//Sets the superclass of a given class, return the old superclass for cls.
Class class_setSuperclass(Class cls, Class newSuper);
//Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether a class object is a metaclass.
BOOL class_isMetaClass(Class cls);
//Returns the size of instances of a class.
size_t class_getInstanceSize(Class cls);
//Returns the Ivar for a specified instance variable of a given class.
Ivar class_getInstanceVariable(Class cls, const char* name);
//Returns the Ivar for a specified class variable of a given class.
Ivar class_getClassVariable(Class cls, const char* name);
//Returns a description of the Ivar layout for a given class.
const char *class_getIvarLayout(Class cls);
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