new an instance you need image

本文详细介绍了在OpenStack环境中使用的各种镜像格式,包括raw、qcow2、VDI、VHD、VMDK及ISO等,并探讨了它们的特点与应用场景。同时,文章还提到了如何使用这些镜像来构建实例。

分析了nova ,keystone,neutron,horizon,加上ironic,事实上已经可以玩儿openstack了,改代码也没问题(事实上已经改了不少了,虽然不是到community中,自己trunk

下来玩,也是中国公司的特点。。。), 但是你总是有问题困扰,我们说云,很多时候说的是现代it提供服务的方式,它几乎涵盖了你所知道的it技术的每一方面。

我们还有哪些模块没有看呢,glance,swift,cinder,可能有人还会研究heat(听说发展的不好), ceilometer等,在我的研究方向看来这些都属于第二梯队,当然了存储是很重要的,镜像存储,对象存储,块存储等,等需要的时候我会再debug。


build instance之前,我们需要镜像,你可能会创建image,你会先从官网或者个某个方搞来一个镜像文件比如iso,qcow2等,然后我们看openstack create image的workflow:

需要image name, image ur, image format, 最小磁盘和最小内存, 而image format出来一大串:

AKI,AMI,ARI 这时Amazon 云中镜像的格式,不说了就,剩下的看着都眼熟:


raw

一般raw格式的后缀是.img, 看起来就是一块磁盘,可以用dd命令直接操作它,比如给他扩容磁盘容量等,

raw格式的镜像一般说成裸镜像,它不支持snapshot,所以在cloud中显得有点儿low,毕竟快照是云中的基本功能之一,

但是raw格式十分重要,你可能原始的镜像格式是A,需要转化成B格式,raw格式常用来做中间态


qcow2

从早期的cow到qcow再到现在的qcow2, qcow2现在是云计算中很流行的格式,可以很方便的做快照也比较节省空间,

说qcow2一般是带个后缀(qcow2----QEMU模拟器),由于qemu的支持也让该格式流行,因为谁都可以玩儿了。

qcow2:qemu copy on write 2


VDI

virtual box支持的镜像格式


VHD

微软的格式


VMDK

vmware支持的镜像格式,一般人可能更熟悉统一的封包格式OVF


iso

光盘镜像格式


这时候如果还有点儿晕,这些都是磁盘的格式而已,我们看两个命令:

kvm-img create -f raw server.img 5G

kvm -m 2048 -drive file=server.img -cdrom debian-6.0.2.1-amd64-CD-1.iso -vnc 10.1.6.89:1 -boot d

把iso的镜像(操作系统)打进磁盘镜像中,launch一个instance时,我们可以选择从镜像启动,也可以从volume启动(snapshot的快照volume,可以存在cinder中或者

共享存储中)

关于image还有两个话题,一是启动虚机过程中image的格式会发生变化

http://www.openstack.cn/p358.html 官网的这篇文章不错

另一个是自制镜像,可能你在云中的镜像希望是特定的系统包含特定的库等,可以自制镜像上传

http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-11/92642.htm

均不在此列举


mark link

http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-14735472-id-4220089.html

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/1409_qiaoly_qemuimgages/

[01:26:52] 系统启动完成!优先使用「设备状态数据分析」功能,AI功能为辅 [01:26:54] 选择文件:D:/秘密基地/工作/工匠杯20250821/测试过程文件/变化开关量表(测试用例).xlsx [01:26:54] 进度[10%]: 正在读取文件... [01:26:54] 进度[10%]: 成功读取文件:变化开关量表(测试用例).xlsx(481行数据) [01:26:54] 进度[20%]: 数据预处理完成,可开始分析或AI训练 [01:26:54] 数据概览:481条记录,25台设备,2种类型 [01:26:57] 进度[85%]: 开始异常检测:规则+AI辅助... [01:26:57] 进度[85%]: 异常检测:共25台设备,按3条规则判断... [01:26:57] 设备XESBJ-临顿路站:规则③触发异常(变化次数=1次) [01:26:57] 进度[85%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XESBJ-临顿路站(1/25) [01:26:57] 进度[85%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SGMJ-临顿路站(2/25) [01:26:57] 进度[85%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SGMJ-悬桥巷站(3/25) [01:26:57] 进度[86%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SGMJ-拙政园苏博站(4/25) [01:26:57] 进度[86%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SGMJ-梅巷站(5/25) [01:26:57] 进度[87%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SKMJ-临顿路站(6/25) [01:26:57] 进度[87%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SKMJ-悬桥巷站(7/25) [01:26:57] 进度[87%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SKMJ-拙政园苏博站(8/25) [01:26:57] 进度[88%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SKMJ-梅巷站(9/25) [01:26:57] 进度[88%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SMGJ-临顿路站(10/25) [01:26:57] 进度[89%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SMGJ-悬桥巷站(11/25) [01:26:57] 进度[89%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SMGJ-拙政园苏博站(12/25) [01:26:57] 进度[89%]: 异常检测:处理设备 SMGJ-梅巷站(13/25) [01:26:57] 进度[90%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XGMJ-临顿路站(14/25) [01:26:57] 进度[90%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XGMJ-悬桥巷站(15/25) [01:26:57] 进度[91%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XGMJ-拙政园苏博站(16/25) [01:26:57] 进度[91%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XGMJ-梅巷站(17/25) [01:26:57] 进度[91%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XKMJ-临顿路站(18/25) [01:26:57] 进度[92%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XKMJ-悬桥巷站(19/25) [01:26:57] 进度[92%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XKMJ-拙政园苏博站(20/25) [01:26:57] 进度[93%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XKMJ-梅巷站(21/25) [01:26:57] 进度[93%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XMGJ-临顿路站(22/25) [01:26:57] 进度[93%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XMGJ-悬桥巷站(23/25) [01:26:57] 进度[94%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XMGJ-拙政园苏博站(24/25) [01:26:57] 进度[94%]: 异常检测:处理设备 XMGJ-梅巷站(25/25) [01:26:57] 异常检测失败:Invalid property specified for object of type plotly.graph_objs.Layout: 'paper' Did you mean "map"? Valid properties: activeselection :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Activeselection` instance or dict with compatible properties activeshape :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Activeshape` instance or dict with compatible properties annotations A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Annotation` instances or dicts with compatible properties annotationdefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.annotationdefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.annotations autosize Determines whether or not a layout width or height that has been left undefined by the user is initialized on each relayout. Note that, regardless of this attribute, an undefined layout width or height is always initialized on the first call to plot. autotypenumbers Using "strict" a numeric string in trace data is not converted to a number. Using *convert types* a numeric string in trace data may be treated as a number during automatic axis `type` detection. This is the default value; however it could be overridden for individual axes. barcornerradius Sets the rounding of bar corners. May be an integer number of pixels, or a percentage of bar width (as a string ending in %). bargap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. bargroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. barmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "stack", the bars are stacked on top of one another With "relative", the bars are stacked on top of one another, with negative values below the axis, positive values above With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. barnorm Sets the normalization for bar traces on the graph. With "fraction", the value of each bar is divided by the sum of all values at that location coordinate. "percent" is the same but multiplied by 100 to show percentages. boxgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between boxes of adjacent location coordinates. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. boxgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between boxes of the same location coordinate. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. boxmode Determines how boxes at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. If "group", the boxes are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. If "overlay", the boxes are plotted over one another, you might need to set "opacity" to see them multiple boxes. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. calendar Sets the default calendar system to use for interpreting and displaying dates throughout the plot. clickmode Determines the mode of single click interactions. "event" is the default value and emits the `plotly_click` event. In addition this mode emits the `plotly_selected` event in drag modes "lasso" and "select", but with no event data attached (kept for compatibility reasons). The "select" flag enables selecting single data points via click. This mode also supports persistent selections, meaning that pressing Shift while clicking, adds to / subtracts from an existing selection. "select" with `hovermode`: "x" can be confusing, consider explicitly setting `hovermode`: "closest" when using this feature. Selection events are sent accordingly as long as "event" flag is set as well. When the "event" flag is missing, `plotly_click` and `plotly_selected` events are not fired. coloraxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Coloraxis` instance or dict with compatible properties colorscale :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Colorscale` instance or dict with compatible properties colorway Sets the default trace colors. computed Placeholder for exporting automargin-impacting values namely `margin.t`, `margin.b`, `margin.l` and `margin.r` in "full-json" mode. datarevision If provided, a changed value tells `Plotly.react` that one or more data arrays has changed. This way you can modify arrays in-place rather than making a complete new copy for an incremental change. If NOT provided, `Plotly.react` assumes that data arrays are being treated as immutable, thus any data array with a different identity from its predecessor contains new data. dragmode Determines the mode of drag interactions. "select" and "lasso" apply only to scatter traces with markers or text. "orbit" and "turntable" apply only to 3D scenes. editrevision Controls persistence of user-driven changes in `editable: true` configuration, other than trace names and axis titles. Defaults to `layout.uirevision`. extendfunnelareacolors If `true`, the funnelarea slice colors (whether given by `funnelareacolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendiciclecolors If `true`, the icicle slice colors (whether given by `iciclecolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendpiecolors If `true`, the pie slice colors (whether given by `piecolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendsunburstcolors If `true`, the sunburst slice colors (whether given by `sunburstcolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendtreemapcolors If `true`, the treemap slice colors (whether given by `treemapcolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. font Sets the global font. Note that fonts used in traces and other layout components inherit from the global font. funnelareacolorway Sets the default funnelarea slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendfunnelareacolors`. funnelgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. funnelgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. funnelmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "stack", the bars are stacked on top of one another With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. geo :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Geo` instance or dict with compatible properties grid :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Grid` instance or dict with compatible properties height Sets the plot's height (in px). hiddenlabels hiddenlabels is the funnelarea & pie chart analog of visible:'legendonly' but it can contain many labels, and can simultaneously hide slices from several pies/funnelarea charts hiddenlabelssrc Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `hiddenlabels`. hidesources Determines whether or not a text link citing the data source is placed at the bottom-right cored of the figure. Has only an effect only on graphs that have been generated via forked graphs from the Chart Studio Cloud (at https://chart-studio.plotly.com or on- premise). hoverdistance Sets the default distance (in pixels) to look for data to add hover labels (-1 means no cutoff, 0 means no looking for data). This is only a real distance for hovering on point-like objects, like scatter points. For area-like objects (bars, scatter fills, etc) hovering is on inside the area and off outside, but these objects will not supersede hover on point-like objects in case of conflict. hoverlabel :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Hoverlabel` instance or dict with compatible properties hovermode Determines the mode of hover interactions. If "closest", a single hoverlabel will appear for the "closest" point within the `hoverdistance`. If "x" (or "y"), multiple hoverlabels will appear for multiple points at the "closest" x- (or y-) coordinate within the `hoverdistance`, with the caveat that no more than one hoverlabel will appear per trace. If *x unified* (or *y unified*), a single hoverlabel will appear multiple points at the closest x- (or y-) coordinate within the `hoverdistance` with the caveat that no more than one hoverlabel will appear per trace. In this mode, spikelines are enabled by default perpendicular to the specified axis. If false, hover interactions are disabled. hoversubplots Determines expansion of hover effects to other subplots If "single" just the axis pair of the primary point is included without overlaying subplots. If "overlaying" all subplots using the main axis and occupying the same space are included. If "axis", also include stacked subplots using the same axis when `hovermode` is set to "x", *x unified*, "y" or *y unified*. iciclecolorway Sets the default icicle slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendiciclecolors`. images A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Image` instances or dicts with compatible properties imagedefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.imagedefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.images legend :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Legend` instance or dict with compatible properties map :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Map` instance or dict with compatible properties mapbox :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Mapbox` instance or dict with compatible properties margin :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Margin` instance or dict with compatible properties meta Assigns extra meta information that can be used in various `text` attributes. Attributes such as the graph, axis and colorbar `title.text`, annotation `text` `trace.name` in legend items, `rangeselector`, `updatemenus` and `sliders` `label` text all support `meta`. One can access `meta` fields using template strings: `%{meta[i]}` where `i` is the index of the `meta` item in question. `meta` can also be an object for example `{key: value}` which can be accessed %{meta[key]}. metasrc Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `meta`. minreducedheight Minimum height of the plot with margin.automargin applied (in px) minreducedwidth Minimum width of the plot with margin.automargin applied (in px) modebar :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Modebar` instance or dict with compatible properties newselection :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Newselection` instance or dict with compatible properties newshape :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Newshape` instance or dict with compatible properties paper_bgcolor Sets the background color of the paper where the graph is drawn. piecolorway Sets the default pie slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendpiecolors`. plot_bgcolor Sets the background color of the plotting area in- between x and y axes. polar :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Polar` instance or dict with compatible properties scattergap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between scatter points of adjacent location coordinates. Defaults to `bargap`. scattermode Determines how scatter points at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "group", the scatter points are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the scatter points are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple scatter points. scene :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Scene` instance or dict with compatible properties selectdirection When `dragmode` is set to "select", this limits the selection of the drag to horizontal, vertical or diagonal. "h" only allows horizontal selection, "v" only vertical, "d" only diagonal and "any" sets no limit. selectionrevision Controls persistence of user-driven changes in selected points from all traces. selections A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Selection` instances or dicts with compatible properties selectiondefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.selectiondefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.selections separators Sets the decimal and thousand separators. For example, *. * puts a '.' before decimals and a space between thousands. In English locales, dflt is ".," but other locales may alter this default. shapes A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Shape` instances or dicts with compatible properties shapedefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.shapedefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.shapes showlegend Determines whether or not a legend is drawn. Default is `true` if there is a trace to show and any of these: a) Two or more traces would by default be shown in the legend. b) One pie trace is shown in the legend. c) One trace is explicitly given with `showlegend: true`. sliders A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Slider` instances or dicts with compatible properties sliderdefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.sliderdefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.sliders smith :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Smith` instance or dict with compatible properties spikedistance Sets the default distance (in pixels) to look for data to draw spikelines to (-1 means no cutoff, 0 means no looking for data). As with hoverdistance, distance does not apply to area-like objects. In addition, some objects can be hovered on but will not generate spikelines, such as scatter fills. sunburstcolorway Sets the default sunburst slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendsunburstcolors`. template Default attributes to be applied to the plot. This should be a dict with format: `{'layout': layoutTemplate, 'data': {trace_type: [traceTemplate, ...], ...}}` where `layoutTemplate` is a dict matching the structure of `figure.layout` and `traceTemplate` is a dict matching the structure of the trace with type `trace_type` (e.g. 'scatter'). Alternatively, this may be specified as an instance of plotly.graph_objs.layout.Template. Trace templates are applied cyclically to traces of each type. Container arrays (eg `annotations`) have special handling: An object ending in `defaults` (eg `annotationdefaults`) is applied to each array item. But if an item has a `templateitemname` key we look in the template array for an item with matching `name` and apply that instead. If no matching `name` is found we mark the item invisible. Any named template item not referenced is appended to the end of the array, so this can be used to add a watermark annotation or a logo image, for example. To omit one of these items on the plot, make an item with matching `templateitemname` and `visible: false`. ternary :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Ternary` instance or dict with compatible properties title :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Title` instance or dict with compatible properties transition Sets transition options used during Plotly.react updates. treemapcolorway Sets the default treemap slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendtreemapcolors`. uirevision Used to allow user interactions with the plot to persist after `Plotly.react` calls that are unaware of these interactions. If `uirevision` is omitted, or if it is given and it changed from the previous `Plotly.react` call, the exact new figure is used. If `uirevision` is truthy and did NOT change, any attribute that has been affected by user interactions and did not receive a different value in the new figure will keep the interaction value. `layout.uirevision` attribute serves as the default for `uirevision` attributes in various sub-containers. For finer control you can set these sub-attributes directly. For example, if your app separately controls the data on the x and y axes you might set `xaxis.uirevision=*time*` and `yaxis.uirevision=*cost*`. Then if only the y data is changed, you can update `yaxis.uirevision=*quantity*` and the y axis range will reset but the x axis range will retain any user-driven zoom. uniformtext :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Uniformtext` instance or dict with compatible properties updatemenus A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Updatemenu` instances or dicts with compatible properties updatemenudefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.updatemenudefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.updatemenus violingap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between violins of adjacent location coordinates. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. violingroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between violins of the same location coordinate. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. violinmode Determines how violins at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. If "group", the violins are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. If "overlay", the violins are plotted over one another, you might need to set "opacity" to see them multiple violins. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. waterfallgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. waterfallgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. waterfallmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. width Sets the plot's width (in px). xaxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.XAxis` instance or dict with compatible properties yaxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.YAxis` instance or dict with compatible properties Did you mean "map"? Bad property path: paper_b极值点color ^^^^^ [01:26:57] Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\秘密基地\工作\工匠杯20250821\AI.py", line 1925, in _detect_abnormal_core html_path = self._generate_abnormal_html_report(device_summary_df) File "D:\秘密基地\工作\工匠杯20250821\AI.py", line 1613, in _generate_abnormal_html_report fig2.update_layout( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ font=dict(family=PLOTLY_FONT, size=12), ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ...<2 lines>... paper_b极值点color='rgba(248,249,250,1)' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ) ^ File "D:\Python\Lib\site-packages\plotly\graph_objs\_figure.py", line 787, in update_layout return super(Figure, self).update_layout(dict1, overwrite, **kwargs) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\Python\Lib\site-packages\plotly\basedatatypes.py", line 1392, in update_layout self.layout.update(dict1, overwrite=overwrite, **kwargs) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\Python\Lib\site-packages\plotly\basedatatypes.py", line 5123, in update BaseFigure._perform_update(self, kwargs, overwrite=overwrite) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "D:\Python\Lib\site-packages\plotly\basedatatypes.py", line 3882, in _perform_update raise err ValueError: Invalid property specified for object of type plotly.graph_objs.Layout: 'paper' Did you mean "map"? Valid properties: activeselection :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Activeselection` instance or dict with compatible properties activeshape :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Activeshape` instance or dict with compatible properties annotations A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Annotation` instances or dicts with compatible properties annotationdefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.annotationdefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.annotations autosize Determines whether or not a layout width or height that has been left undefined by the user is initialized on each relayout. Note that, regardless of this attribute, an undefined layout width or height is always initialized on the first call to plot. autotypenumbers Using "strict" a numeric string in trace data is not converted to a number. Using *convert types* a numeric string in trace data may be treated as a number during automatic axis `type` detection. This is the default value; however it could be overridden for individual axes. barcornerradius Sets the rounding of bar corners. May be an integer number of pixels, or a percentage of bar width (as a string ending in %). bargap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. bargroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. barmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "stack", the bars are stacked on top of one another With "relative", the bars are stacked on top of one another, with negative values below the axis, positive values above With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. barnorm Sets the normalization for bar traces on the graph. With "fraction", the value of each bar is divided by the sum of all values at that location coordinate. "percent" is the same but multiplied by 100 to show percentages. boxgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between boxes of adjacent location coordinates. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. boxgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between boxes of the same location coordinate. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. boxmode Determines how boxes at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. If "group", the boxes are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. If "overlay", the boxes are plotted over one another, you might need to set "opacity" to see them multiple boxes. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. calendar Sets the default calendar system to use for interpreting and displaying dates throughout the plot. clickmode Determines the mode of single click interactions. "event" is the default value and emits the `plotly_click` event. In addition this mode emits the `plotly_selected` event in drag modes "lasso" and "select", but with no event data attached (kept for compatibility reasons). The "select" flag enables selecting single data points via click. This mode also supports persistent selections, meaning that pressing Shift while clicking, adds to / subtracts from an existing selection. "select" with `hovermode`: "x" can be confusing, consider explicitly setting `hovermode`: "closest" when using this feature. Selection events are sent accordingly as long as "event" flag is set as well. When the "event" flag is missing, `plotly_click` and `plotly_selected` events are not fired. coloraxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Coloraxis` instance or dict with compatible properties colorscale :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Colorscale` instance or dict with compatible properties colorway Sets the default trace colors. computed Placeholder for exporting automargin-impacting values namely `margin.t`, `margin.b`, `margin.l` and `margin.r` in "full-json" mode. datarevision If provided, a changed value tells `Plotly.react` that one or more data arrays has changed. This way you can modify arrays in-place rather than making a complete new copy for an incremental change. If NOT provided, `Plotly.react` assumes that data arrays are being treated as immutable, thus any data array with a different identity from its predecessor contains new data. dragmode Determines the mode of drag interactions. "select" and "lasso" apply only to scatter traces with markers or text. "orbit" and "turntable" apply only to 3D scenes. editrevision Controls persistence of user-driven changes in `editable: true` configuration, other than trace names and axis titles. Defaults to `layout.uirevision`. extendfunnelareacolors If `true`, the funnelarea slice colors (whether given by `funnelareacolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendiciclecolors If `true`, the icicle slice colors (whether given by `iciclecolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendpiecolors If `true`, the pie slice colors (whether given by `piecolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendsunburstcolors If `true`, the sunburst slice colors (whether given by `sunburstcolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. extendtreemapcolors If `true`, the treemap slice colors (whether given by `treemapcolorway` or inherited from `colorway`) will be extended to three times its original length by first repeating every color 20% lighter then each color 20% darker. This is intended to reduce the likelihood of reusing the same color when you have many slices, but you can set `false` to disable. Colors provided in the trace, using `marker.colors`, are never extended. font Sets the global font. Note that fonts used in traces and other layout components inherit from the global font. funnelareacolorway Sets the default funnelarea slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendfunnelareacolors`. funnelgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. funnelgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. funnelmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "stack", the bars are stacked on top of one another With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. geo :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Geo` instance or dict with compatible properties grid :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Grid` instance or dict with compatible properties height Sets the plot's height (in px). hiddenlabels hiddenlabels is the funnelarea & pie chart analog of visible:'legendonly' but it can contain many labels, and can simultaneously hide slices from several pies/funnelarea charts hiddenlabelssrc Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `hiddenlabels`. hidesources Determines whether or not a text link citing the data source is placed at the bottom-right cored of the figure. Has only an effect only on graphs that have been generated via forked graphs from the Chart Studio Cloud (at https://chart-studio.plotly.com or on- premise). hoverdistance Sets the default distance (in pixels) to look for data to add hover labels (-1 means no cutoff, 0 means no looking for data). This is only a real distance for hovering on point-like objects, like scatter points. For area-like objects (bars, scatter fills, etc) hovering is on inside the area and off outside, but these objects will not supersede hover on point-like objects in case of conflict. hoverlabel :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Hoverlabel` instance or dict with compatible properties hovermode Determines the mode of hover interactions. If "closest", a single hoverlabel will appear for the "closest" point within the `hoverdistance`. If "x" (or "y"), multiple hoverlabels will appear for multiple points at the "closest" x- (or y-) coordinate within the `hoverdistance`, with the caveat that no more than one hoverlabel will appear per trace. If *x unified* (or *y unified*), a single hoverlabel will appear multiple points at the closest x- (or y-) coordinate within the `hoverdistance` with the caveat that no more than one hoverlabel will appear per trace. In this mode, spikelines are enabled by default perpendicular to the specified axis. If false, hover interactions are disabled. hoversubplots Determines expansion of hover effects to other subplots If "single" just the axis pair of the primary point is included without overlaying subplots. If "overlaying" all subplots using the main axis and occupying the same space are included. If "axis", also include stacked subplots using the same axis when `hovermode` is set to "x", *x unified*, "y" or *y unified*. iciclecolorway Sets the default icicle slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendiciclecolors`. images A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Image` instances or dicts with compatible properties imagedefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.imagedefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.images legend :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Legend` instance or dict with compatible properties map :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Map` instance or dict with compatible properties mapbox :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Mapbox` instance or dict with compatible properties margin :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Margin` instance or dict with compatible properties meta Assigns extra meta information that can be used in various `text` attributes. Attributes such as the graph, axis and colorbar `title.text`, annotation `text` `trace.name` in legend items, `rangeselector`, `updatemenus` and `sliders` `label` text all support `meta`. One can access `meta` fields using template strings: `%{meta[i]}` where `i` is the index of the `meta` item in question. `meta` can also be an object for example `{key: value}` which can be accessed %{meta[key]}. metasrc Sets the source reference on Chart Studio Cloud for `meta`. minreducedheight Minimum height of the plot with margin.automargin applied (in px) minreducedwidth Minimum width of the plot with margin.automargin applied (in px) modebar :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Modebar` instance or dict with compatible properties newselection :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Newselection` instance or dict with compatible properties newshape :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Newshape` instance or dict with compatible properties paper_bgcolor Sets the background color of the paper where the graph is drawn. piecolorway Sets the default pie slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendpiecolors`. plot_bgcolor Sets the background color of the plotting area in- between x and y axes. polar :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Polar` instance or dict with compatible properties scattergap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between scatter points of adjacent location coordinates. Defaults to `bargap`. scattermode Determines how scatter points at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "group", the scatter points are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the scatter points are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple scatter points. scene :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Scene` instance or dict with compatible properties selectdirection When `dragmode` is set to "select", this limits the selection of the drag to horizontal, vertical or diagonal. "h" only allows horizontal selection, "v" only vertical, "d" only diagonal and "any" sets no limit. selectionrevision Controls persistence of user-driven changes in selected points from all traces. selections A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Selection` instances or dicts with compatible properties selectiondefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.selectiondefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.selections separators Sets the decimal and thousand separators. For example, *. * puts a '.' before decimals and a space between thousands. In English locales, dflt is ".," but other locales may alter this default. shapes A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Shape` instances or dicts with compatible properties shapedefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.shapedefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.shapes showlegend Determines whether or not a legend is drawn. Default is `true` if there is a trace to show and any of these: a) Two or more traces would by default be shown in the legend. b) One pie trace is shown in the legend. c) One trace is explicitly given with `showlegend: true`. sliders A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Slider` instances or dicts with compatible properties sliderdefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.sliderdefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.sliders smith :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Smith` instance or dict with compatible properties spikedistance Sets the default distance (in pixels) to look for data to draw spikelines to (-1 means no cutoff, 0 means no looking for data). As with hoverdistance, distance does not apply to area-like objects. In addition, some objects can be hovered on but will not generate spikelines, such as scatter fills. sunburstcolorway Sets the default sunburst slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendsunburstcolors`. template Default attributes to be applied to the plot. This should be a dict with format: `{'layout': layoutTemplate, 'data': {trace_type: [traceTemplate, ...], ...}}` where `layoutTemplate` is a dict matching the structure of `figure.layout` and `traceTemplate` is a dict matching the structure of the trace with type `trace_type` (e.g. 'scatter'). Alternatively, this may be specified as an instance of plotly.graph_objs.layout.Template. Trace templates are applied cyclically to traces of each type. Container arrays (eg `annotations`) have special handling: An object ending in `defaults` (eg `annotationdefaults`) is applied to each array item. But if an item has a `templateitemname` key we look in the template array for an item with matching `name` and apply that instead. If no matching `name` is found we mark the item invisible. Any named template item not referenced is appended to the end of the array, so this can be used to add a watermark annotation or a logo image, for example. To omit one of these items on the plot, make an item with matching `templateitemname` and `visible: false`. ternary :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Ternary` instance or dict with compatible properties title :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Title` instance or dict with compatible properties transition Sets transition options used during Plotly.react updates. treemapcolorway Sets the default treemap slice colors. Defaults to the main `colorway` used for trace colors. If you specify a new list here it can still be extended with lighter and darker colors, see `extendtreemapcolors`. uirevision Used to allow user interactions with the plot to persist after `Plotly.react` calls that are unaware of these interactions. If `uirevision` is omitted, or if it is given and it changed from the previous `Plotly.react` call, the exact new figure is used. If `uirevision` is truthy and did NOT change, any attribute that has been affected by user interactions and did not receive a different value in the new figure will keep the interaction value. `layout.uirevision` attribute serves as the default for `uirevision` attributes in various sub-containers. For finer control you can set these sub-attributes directly. For example, if your app separately controls the data on the x and y axes you might set `xaxis.uirevision=*time*` and `yaxis.uirevision=*cost*`. Then if only the y data is changed, you can update `yaxis.uirevision=*quantity*` and the y axis range will reset but the x axis range will retain any user-driven zoom. uniformtext :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Uniformtext` instance or dict with compatible properties updatemenus A tuple of :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.Updatemenu` instances or dicts with compatible properties updatemenudefaults When used in a template (as layout.template.layout.updatemenudefaults), sets the default property values to use for elements of layout.updatemenus violingap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between violins of adjacent location coordinates. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. violingroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between violins of the same location coordinate. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. violinmode Determines how violins at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. If "group", the violins are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. If "overlay", the violins are plotted over one another, you might need to set "opacity" to see them multiple violins. Has no effect on traces that have "width" set. waterfallgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of adjacent location coordinates. waterfallgroupgap Sets the gap (in plot fraction) between bars of the same location coordinate. waterfallmode Determines how bars at the same location coordinate are displayed on the graph. With "group", the bars are plotted next to one another centered around the shared location. With "overlay", the bars are plotted over one another, you might need to reduce "opacity" to see multiple bars. width Sets the plot's width (in px). xaxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.XAxis` instance or dict with compatible properties yaxis :class:`plotly.graph_objects.layout.YAxis` instance or dict with compatible properties Did you mean "map"? Bad property path: paper_b极值点color ^^^^^
08-27
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