第一次发送超过字数了，被迫剪成两篇！
上一篇我们介绍了如何搭建开发环境，并创建了一个空白的窗口程序。
这里我们主要是实现在程序中装载一个简单的模型并显示出来。
首先看一下效果吧，（模型就是ogre例子中的robot.mesh）,如下：
例子很简单，代码页不多，就4行。我们还是一步一步来分析吧。
首先我们上一个项目中的OgreDemo1类继承自ExampleApplication类，我们之所以什么都没
有做就能创建一个窗口，就是因为ExampleApplication为我们实现了。
首先我们打开ExampleApplication类，可以看到包含了如下几个成员变量（加入了少许注释）
//ogre的程序"根"任何ogre程序都会有改对象
Root *mRoot;
//摄像机镜头
Camera* mCamera;
//场景管理器
SceneManager* mSceneMgr;
//对于每一帧进行处理的类
ExampleFrameListener* mFrameListener;
//渲染窗口
RenderWindow* mWindow;
//资源文件的路径字符串
Ogre::String mResourcePath;知道了这些成员变量，我们在返回OgreDemo1.c文件中看看入口函数WinMain中是如何书写的呢？很简单就一句话：
app.go();ExampleApplication.h
#ifndef __ExampleApplication_H__
#define __ExampleApplication_H__
#include "Ogre.h"
#include "OgreConfigFile.h"
#include "ExampleFrameListener.h"
#if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE
#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
std::string macBundlePath()
{
char path[1024];
CFBundleRef mainBundle = CFBundleGetMainBundle();
assert(mainBundle);
CFURLRef mainBundleURL = CFBundleCopyBundleURL(mainBundle);
assert(mainBundleURL);
CFStringRef cfStringRef = CFURLCopyFileSystemPath( mainBundleURL, kCFURLPOSIXPathStyle);
assert(cfStringRef);
CFStringGetCString(cfStringRef, path, 1024, kCFStringEncodingASCII);
CFRelease(mainBundleURL);
CFRelease(cfStringRef);
return std::string(path);
}
#endif
using namespace Ogre;
/** Base class which manages the standard startup of an Ogre application.
Designed to be subclassed for specific examples if required.
*/
class ExampleApplication
{
public:
ExampleApplication()
{
mFrameListener = 0;
mRoot = 0;
#if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE
mResourcePath = macBundlePath() + "/Contents/Resources/";
#else
mResourcePath = "";
#endif
}
/// Standard destructor
virtual ~ExampleApplication()
{
if (mFrameListener)
delete mFrameListener;
if (mRoot)
OGRE_DELETE mRoot;
}
/// 程序的入口
virtual void go(void)
{
//进行初始化工作
if (!setup())
return;
//开始渲染
mRoot->startRendering();
// 清理屏幕
destroyScene();
}
protected:
//ogre的程序"根"任何ogre程序都会有改对象
Root *mRoot;
//摄像机镜头
Camera* mCamera;
//场景管理器
SceneManager* mSceneMgr;
//对于每一帧进行处理的类
ExampleFrameListener* mFrameListener;
//渲染窗口
RenderWindow* mWindow;
//资源文件的路径字符串
Ogre::String mResourcePath;
//初始化应用程序
virtual bool setup(void)
{
String pluginsPath;
#ifndef OGRE_STATIC_LIB
pluginsPath = mResourcePath + "plugins.cfg";
#endif
//构建Root对象
mRoot = OGRE_NEW Root(pluginsPath,
mResourcePath + "ogre.cfg", mResourcePath + "Ogre.log");
//配置资源文件相关
setupResources();
//配置，主要用于初始化渲染窗口
bool carryOn = configure();
if (!carryOn) return false;
//创建场景管理器
chooseSceneManager();
//创建摄像机
createCamera();
//创建视口
createViewports();
TextureManager::getSingleton().setDefaultNumMipmaps(5);
//创建资源监听
createResourceListener();
//床在资源
loadResources();
//创建屏幕，必须重写，也就是我们OgreDemo1类中（我们现实模型需要实现的）
createScene();
//创建帧监听
createFrameListener();
return true;
}
/** 是否配置完成，完成则初始化系统 */
virtual bool configure(void)
{
//判断是否进入（即运行过了配置窗口，进入demo窗口）
if(mRoot->showConfigDialog())
{
//初始化系统,得到一个渲染窗口对象
mWindow = mRoot->initialise(true);
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
virtual void chooseSceneManager(void)
{
// 创建一个场景管理器(场景类型,窗口标题)
mSceneMgr = mRoot->createSceneManager(ST_GENERIC, "ExampleSMInstance");
}
virtual void createCamera(void)
{
// 创建一个摄像机
mCamera = mSceneMgr->createCamera("PlayerCam");
// 设置摄像机的位置
mCamera->setPosition(Vector3(0,0,500));
// 设置观察点
mCamera->lookAt(Vector3(0,0,-300));
// 设置最近裁剪距离，如果超出则不显示
mCamera->setNearClipDistance(5);
//同样还有设置最远裁剪距离
//mCamera->setFarClipDistance(1000);
}
//创建帧监听
virtual void createFrameListener(void)
{
//实例化帧监听，(渲染窗口，摄像机)
mFrameListener= new ExampleFrameListener(mWindow, mCamera);
//设置是否显示调试信息(比如：fps...)
mFrameListener->showDebugOverlay(true);
//添加帧监听到root中
mRoot->addFrameListener(mFrameListener);
}
//创建屏幕
virtual void createScene(void) = 0;
//清屏
virtual void destroyScene(void){}
/* 创建视口并初始化 */
virtual void createViewports(void)
{
// 创建一个“视口”
Viewport* vp = mWindow->addViewport(mCamera);
//设置背景颜色
vp->setBackgroundColour(ColourValue(0,0,0));
//设置屏幕的长宽比（视口的宽度和高度比，目前的宽屏电脑）
mCamera->setAspectRatio(Real(vp->getActualWidth()) / Real(vp->getActualHeight()));
}
/// 初始化资源，比如：模型、贴图等资源
virtual void setupResources(void)
{
ConfigFile cf;
//读取配置文件
cf.load(mResourcePath + "resources.cfg");
ConfigFile::SectionIterator seci = cf.getSectionIterator();
String secName, typeName, archName;
while (seci.hasMoreElements())
{
secName = seci.peekNextKey();
ConfigFile::SettingsMultiMap *settings = seci.getNext();
ConfigFile::SettingsMultiMap::iterator i;
for (i = settings->begin(); i != settings->end(); ++i)
{
//取得并添加资源文件
typeName = i->first;
archName = i->second;
#if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE
ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().addResourceLocation(
String(macBundlePath() + "/" + archName), typeName, secName);
#else
ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().addResourceLocation(
archName, typeName, secName);
#endif
}
}
}
//创建资源监听，比如（正在装载资源，请稍等界面）
virtual void createResourceListener(void)
{
}
//装载资源
virtual void loadResources(void)
{
ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().initialiseAllResourceGroups();
}
};
#endif ExampleFrameListener.h
#ifndef __ExampleFrameListener_H__
#define __ExampleFrameListener_H__
#include "Ogre.h"
#include "OgreStringConverter.h"
#include "OgreException.h"
#define OIS_DYNAMIC_LIB
#include <OIS/OIS.h>
using namespace Ogre;
class ExampleFrameListener: public FrameListener, public WindowEventListener
{
protected:
virtual void updateStats(void)
{
static String currFps = "Current FPS: ";
static String avgFps = "Average FPS: ";
static String bestFps = "Best FPS: ";
static String worstFps = "Worst FPS: ";
static String tris = "Triangle Count: ";
static String batches = "Batch Count: ";
// 需要更新debug信息时更新
try {
OverlayElement* guiAvg = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/AverageFps");
OverlayElement* guiCurr = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/CurrFps");
OverlayElement* guiBest = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/BestFps");
OverlayElement* guiWorst = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/WorstFps");
const RenderTarget::FrameStats& stats = mWindow->getStatistics();
guiAvg->setCaption(avgFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.avgFPS));
guiCurr->setCaption(currFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.lastFPS));
guiBest->setCaption(bestFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.bestFPS)
+" "+StringConverter::toString(stats.bestFrameTime)+" ms");
guiWorst->setCaption(worstFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.worstFPS)
+" "+StringConverter::toString(stats.worstFrameTime)+" ms");
OverlayElement* guiTris = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/NumTris");
guiTris->setCaption(tris + StringConverter::toString(stats.triangleCount));
OverlayElement* guiBatches = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/NumBatches");
guiBatches->setCaption(batches + StringConverter::toString(stats.batchCount));
OverlayElement* guiDbg = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/DebugText");
guiDbg->setCaption(mDebugText);
}
catch(...) { /* ignore */ }
}
public:
// 构造函数,初始化成员变量
ExampleFrameListener(RenderWindow* win, Camera* cam, bool bufferedKeys = false, bool bufferedMouse = false,
bool bufferedJoy = false ) :
mCamera(cam), mTranslateVector(Vector3::ZERO), mCurrentSpeed(0), mWindow(win), mStatsOn(true), mNumScreenShots(0),
mMoveScale(0.0f), mRotScale(0.0f), mTimeUntilNextToggle(0), mFiltering(TFO_BILINEAR),
mAniso(1), mSceneDetailIndex(0), mMoveSpeed(100), mRotateSpeed(36), mDebugOverlay(0),
mInputManager(0), mMouse(0), mKeyboard(0), mJoy(0)
{
//得到debug视图
mDebugOverlay = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getByName("Core/DebugOverlay");
//日志管理器
LogManager::getSingletonPtr()->logMessage("*** Initializing OIS ***");
OIS::ParamList pl;
size_t windowHnd = 0;
std::ostringstream windowHndStr;
//取得自定义的属性
win->getCustomAttribute("WINDOW", &windowHnd);
windowHndStr << windowHnd;
pl.insert(std::make_pair(std::string("WINDOW"), windowHndStr.str()));
//创建输入管理器
mInputManager = OIS::InputManager::createInputSystem( pl );
//创建输入设备、鼠标、键盘、摇杆
mKeyboard = static_cast<OIS::Keyboard*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISKeyboard, bufferedKeys ));
mMouse = static_cast<OIS::Mouse*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISMouse, bufferedMouse ));
try {
mJoy = static_cast<OIS::JoyStick*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISJoyStick, bufferedJoy ));
}
catch(...) {
mJoy = 0;
}
//根据窗口的大小来设置鼠标的初始裁剪区域
windowResized(mWindow);
//显示debug信息
showDebugOverlay(true);
//注册一个windows窗口事件监听
WindowEventUtilities::addWindowEventListener(mWindow, this);
}
//调整鼠标裁剪区域
virtual void windowResized(RenderWindow* rw)
{
unsigned int width, height, depth;
int left, top;
//取得窗口矩阵
rw->getMetrics(width, height, depth, left, top);
//得到鼠标
const OIS::MouseState &ms = mMouse->getMouseState();
ms.width = width;
ms.height = height;
}
//关闭窗口之前进行的处理
virtual void windowClosed(RenderWindow* rw)
{
//检测是否关闭了我们的渲染窗口
if( rw == mWindow )
{
if( mInputManager )
{
//清除输入设备
mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mMouse );
mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mKeyboard );
mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mJoy );
//销毁输入管理器
OIS::InputManager::destroyInputSystem(mInputManager);
mInputManager = 0;
}
}
}
virtual ~ExampleFrameListener()
{
//移除所有的窗口事件监听
WindowEventUtilities::removeWindowEventListener(mWindow, this);
//关闭窗口
windowClosed(mWindow);
}
//按键事件处理
virtual bool processUnbufferedKeyInput(const FrameEvent& evt)
{
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_A))
mTranslateVector.x = -mMoveScale; // 向左移动摄像头矩阵
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_D))
mTranslateVector.x = mMoveScale; // Move camera RIGHT
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_UP) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_W) )
mTranslateVector.z = -mMoveScale; // Move camera forward
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_DOWN) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_S) )
mTranslateVector.z = mMoveScale; // Move camera backward
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_PGUP))
mTranslateVector.y = mMoveScale; // Move camera up
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_PGDOWN))
mTranslateVector.y = -mMoveScale; // Move camera down
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_RIGHT))
mCamera->yaw(-mRotScale);
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_LEFT))
mCamera->yaw(mRotScale);
if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_ESCAPE) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_Q) )
return false;
if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_F) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0 )
{
mStatsOn = !mStatsOn;
showDebugOverlay(mStatsOn);
mTimeUntilNextToggle = 1;
}
if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_T) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0 )
{
switch(mFiltering)
{
case TFO_BILINEAR:
mFiltering = TFO_TRILINEAR;
mAniso = 1;
break;
case TFO_TRILINEAR:
mFiltering = TFO_ANISOTROPIC;
mAniso = 8;
break;
case TFO_ANISOTROPIC:
mFiltering = TFO_BILINEAR;
mAniso = 1;
break;
default: break;
}
MaterialManager::getSingleton().setDefaultTextureFiltering(mFiltering);
MaterialManager::getSingleton().setDefaultAnisotropy(mAniso);
showDebugOverlay(mStatsOn);
mTimeUntilNextToggle = 1;
}
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_SYSRQ) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0)
{
std::ostringstream ss;
ss << "screenshot_" << ++mNumScreenShots << ".png";
mWindow->writeContentsToFile(ss.str());
mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5;
mDebugText = "Saved: " + ss.str();
}
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_R) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <=0)
{
mSceneDetailIndex = (mSceneDetailIndex+1)%3 ;
switch(mSceneDetailIndex) {
case 0 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_SOLID); break;//设置多边形的模式
case 1 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_WIREFRAME); break;
case 2 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_POINTS); break;
}
mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5;
}
static bool displayCameraDetails = false;
if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_P) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0)
{
displayCameraDetails = !displayCameraDetails;
mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5;
if (!displayCameraDetails)
mDebugText = "";
}
if(displayCameraDetails)
mDebugText = "P: " + StringConverter::toString(mCamera->getDerivedPosition()) +
" " + "O: " + StringConverter::toString(mCamera->getDerivedOrientation());
return true;
}
//鼠标事件处理
virtual bool processUnbufferedMouseInput(const FrameEvent& evt)
{
// Rotation factors, may not be used if the second mouse button is pressed
// 2nd mouse button - slide, otherwise rotate
const OIS::MouseState &ms = mMouse->getMouseState();
if( ms.buttonDown( OIS::MB_Right ) )
{
mTranslateVector.x += ms.X.rel * 0.13;
mTranslateVector.y -= ms.Y.rel * 0.13;
}
else
{
mRotX = Degree(-ms.X.rel * 0.13);
mRotY = Degree(-ms.Y.rel * 0.13);
}
return true;
}
//移动摄像头
virtual void moveCamera()
{
//偏移
mCamera->yaw(mRotX);
//倾斜
mCamera->pitch(mRotY);
//移动摄像机到指定位置
mCamera->moveRelative(mTranslateVector);
}
//显示debug信息
virtual void showDebugOverlay(bool show)
{
if (mDebugOverlay)
{
if (show)
mDebugOverlay->show();
else
mDebugOverlay->hide();
}
}
// 渲染队列
bool frameRenderingQueued(const FrameEvent& evt)
{
if(mWindow->isClosed()) return false;
mSpeedLimit = mMoveScale * evt.timeSinceLastFrame;
//捕获、更新设备
mKeyboard->capture();
mMouse->capture();
if( mJoy ) mJoy->capture();
bool buffJ = (mJoy) ? mJoy->buffered() : true;
Ogre::Vector3 lastMotion = mTranslateVector;
if( !mMouse->buffered() || !mKeyboard->buffered() || !buffJ )
{
// one of the input modes is immediate, so setup what is needed for immediate movement
if (mTimeUntilNextToggle >= 0)
mTimeUntilNextToggle -= evt.timeSinceLastFrame;
// Move about 100 units per second
mMoveScale = mMoveSpeed * evt.timeSinceLastFrame;
// Take about 10 seconds for full rotation
mRotScale = mRotateSpeed * evt.timeSinceLastFrame;
mRotX = 0;
mRotY = 0;
mTranslateVector = Ogre::Vector3::ZERO;
}
//Check to see which device is not buffered, and handle it
if( !mKeyboard->buffered() )
if( processUnbufferedKeyInput(evt) == false )
return false;
if( !mMouse->buffered() )
if( processUnbufferedMouseInput(evt) == false )
return false;
// ramp up / ramp down speed
if (mTranslateVector == Ogre::Vector3::ZERO)
{
// decay (one third speed)
mCurrentSpeed -= evt.timeSinceLastFrame * 0.3;
mTranslateVector = lastMotion;
}
else
{
// ramp up
mCurrentSpeed += evt.timeSinceLastFrame;
}
// Limit motion speed
if (mCurrentSpeed > 1.0)
mCurrentSpeed = 1.0;
if (mCurrentSpeed < 0.0)
mCurrentSpeed = 0.0;
mTranslateVector *= mCurrentSpeed;
if( !mMouse->buffered() || !mKeyboard->buffered() || !buffJ )
moveCamera();
return true;
}
//帧结束,更新状态
bool frameEnded(const FrameEvent& evt)
{
updateStats();
return true;
}
protected:
//指向摄像机的指针
Camera* mCamera;
//一个3维向量，用于摄像机的位置变换
Vector3 mTranslateVector;
Real mCurrentSpeed;
//指向渲染窗口的指针
RenderWindow* mWindow;
//是否显示调试信息
bool mStatsOn;
//debug信息
std::string mDebugText;
//主要用于截图
unsigned int mNumScreenShots;
//该demo中，摄像机会旋转
float mMoveScale;
//速度限制
float mSpeedLimit;
//同样用于摄像机变换
Degree mRotScale;
//延时
Real mTimeUntilNextToggle ;
//鼠标旋转的角度，用于摄像机的更新
Radian mRotX, mRotY;
//纹理差值的类型，枚举类型
TextureFilterOptions mFiltering;
int mAniso;
int mSceneDetailIndex ;
//移动速度
Real mMoveSpeed;
//旋转速度
Degree mRotateSpeed;
//debug视图
Overlay* mDebugOverlay;
//一些输入设备（输入设备管理器）
OIS::InputManager* mInputManager;
//鼠标
OIS::Mouse* mMouse;
//键盘
OIS::Keyboard* mKeyboard;
//摇杆
OIS::JoyStick* mJoy;
};
#endif 
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