一、cobbler简介
Cobbler是一个Linux服务器安装的服务，可以通过网络启动(PXE)的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理DHCP，DNS等。
Cobbler可以使用命令行方式管理，也提供了基于Web的界面管理工具(cobbler-web)，还提供了API接口，可以方便二次开发使用。
Cobbler是较早前的kickstart的升级版，优点是比较容易配置，还自带web界面比较易于管理。
Cobbler内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其它配置管理系统集成，如Puppet，暂时不支持SaltStack。
类似于一个教室里面部署多台操作系统时，因手动部署非常繁琐而且还要保持镜像一致性。
使用cobbur可以一键生成镜像，利用镜像从而配置多台操作系统
cobbler官网：https://cobbler.github.io/
1、cobbler集成的服务：
- PXE服务支持
- DHCP服务管理
- DNS服务管理(可选bind,dnsmasq)
- 电源管理
- YUM仓库管理
- TFTP(PXE启动时需要)
- Apache(提供kickstart的安装源，并提供定制化的kickstart配置)
2、cobbler配置文件详解：
cobbler配置文件目录在/etc/cobbler
| 配置文件 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| /etc/cobbler/settings.yml | cobbler 主配置文件 |
| /etc/cobbler/iso/ | – |
| /etc/cobbler/pxe | pxe模板配置文件 |
| /etc/cobbler/power | 电源配置文件 |
| /etc/cobbler/user.conf | web服务授权配置文件 |
| /etc/cobbler/users.digest | web访问的用户名密码配置文件 |
| /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template | dhcp服务器的的配置模板 |
| /etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template | dns服务器的配置模板 |
| /etc/cobbler/tftpd.template | tftp服务的配置模板 |
| /etc/cobbler/modules.conf | 模块的配置文件 |
3、cobbler数据目录：
| 目录 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| /var/lib/cobbler/config/ | 用于存放distros，system，profiles等信息配置文件 |
| /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/ | 用于存放用户定义的cobbler命令 |
| /var/lib/cobbler/kickstart/ | 默认存放kickstart文件 |
| /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/ | 存放各种引导程序以及镜像目录 |
| /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/ | 导入的发行版系统的所有数据 |
| /var/www/cobbler/images/ | 导入发行版的kernel和initrd镜像用于远程网络启动 |
| /var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror/ | yum仓库存储目录 |
4、cobbler日志文件：
| 日志文件路径 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| /var/log/cobbler/installing | 客户端安装日志 |
| /var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log cobbler | 日志 |
5、cobbler命令详解：
| cobbler check | 核对当前设置是否有问题 |
|---|---|
| cobbler list | 核对当前设置是否有问题 |
| cobbler report | 列出元素的详细信息 |
| cobbler sync | 同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下 |
| cobbler reposync | 同步yum仓库 |
| cobbler distro | 查看导入的发行版系统信息 |
| cobbler system | 查看添加的系统信息 |
| cobbler profile | 查看配置信息 |
二、cobbur配置
安装cobbler以及相关的软件
[root@localhost ~]# yum module list | grep cobbler
cobbler 3 default [d] Versatile Linux deployment server
cobbler 3.3 default [d] Versatile Linux deployment server
下载模块工具
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y module enable cobbler:3
下载制作镜像所需的工具
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install httpd dhcp* tftp tftp-server cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart rsync rsync-daemon
启动服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpd;systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart rsyncd.;systemctl enable rsyncd
Failed to restart rsyncd..service: Unit rsyncd..service not found.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/rsyncd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/rsyncd.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart tftp;systemctl enable tftp.socket
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/tftp.socket → /usr/lib/systemd/system/tftp.socket.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd.service;systemctl enable cobblerd.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/cobblerd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/cobblerd.service
关闭防火墙
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
设置tftp的ip地址为本机ip
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's/^server: 127.0.0.1/server: 192.168.47.137/' /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's/^next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 192.168.47.137/' /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
生成加密的密码
[root@localhost ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt "$RANDOM" 'redhat'
$1$26868$Ilhvmd6hHsvDcMs2dz9dS.
将新生成的加密密码加入到配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
default_password_crypted: "$1$26868$Ilhvmd6hHsvDcMs2dz9dS."
将cobbler的dhcp功能打开
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i "s#manage_dhcp: false#manage_dhcp: true#" /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
[root@localhost ~]# grep 'manage_dhcp:' /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
manage_dhcp: true
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd.service
通过cobbler check 核对当前设置是否有问题
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1: some network boot-loaders are missing from **/var/lib/cobbler/loaders.** If you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, **should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, and yaboot.**
2: reposync is not installed, **install yum-utils** or dnf-plugins-core
3: yumdownloader is not installed, **install yum-utils** or dnf-plugins-core
4: debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
5: fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
问题1解决办法：
先下载服务，然后将其文件复制一份
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install syslinux*
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/menu.c32 /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/
menu.c32 pxelinux.0
问题2和问题3解决办法，安装软件包即可
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install yum-utils
问题4和问题5可以忽略，
因为是debian系统才需要解决，显示使用的是centos8
Debian系统解决办法安装fence-agents
配置DHCP模板文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
subnet 192.168.47.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 192.168.47.2; //网关
option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8; //DNS
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
range dynamic-bootp 192.168.47.137 192.168.47.200;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
next-server $next_server;
class "pxeclients" {
match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient";
同步任务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpd cobblerd.service
[root@localhost ~]# cobbler sync
task started: 2022-09-23_163804_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Fri Sep 23 16:38:04 2022)
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/task/sync/pre/*
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/task/sync/pre/*
shell triggers finished successfully
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/system
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/system_link
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
copying bootloaders
running: ['rsync', '-rpt', '--copy-links', '--exclude=.cobbler_postun_cleanup', '/var/lib/cobbler/loaders/', '/var/lib/tftpboot']
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
running: ['rsync', '-rpt', '--copy-links', '--exclude=README.grubconfig', '/var/lib/cobbler/grub_config/', '/var/lib/tftpboot']
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
copying distros to tftpboot
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout:
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
shell triggers finished successfully
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running python trigger cobbler.modules.managers.genders
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
shell triggers finished successfully
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
管理distro
//挂载镜像，导入发行版本的信息
[root@rhel8 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
1、导入镜像时报错
[root@Cobbler ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ubuntu16.04/ --name=ubuntu16.04 --arch=x86_64
task started: 2019-02-23_234323_import
task started (id=Media import, time=Sat Feb 23 23:43:23 2019)
Exception occured: <class 'cobbler.cexceptions.CX'>
Exception value: 'Command failed'
Exception Info:
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cobbler/remote.py", line 82, in run
rc = self._run(self)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cobbler/remote.py", line 227, in runner
self.logger
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cobbler/api.py", line 876, in import_tree
utils.run_this(rsync_cmd, (spacer, mirror_url, path), self.logger)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cobbler/utils.py", line 899, in run_this
die(logger,"Command failed")
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cobbler/utils.py", line 114, in die
raise CX(msg)
!!! TASK FAILED !!!
**如导入镜像时遇到!!! TASK FAILED !!! 错误**
一、则可能是yum仓库配置的阿里云epel源有问题，建议快照恢复在次拉取阿里云仓库，重新配置
二、在启动服务时候保证服务正在运行
//导入镜像
[root@my ~]# cobbler import --path=/mnt/ --name=liutianyang-8 arch=x86_64
task started: 2022-09-24_125830_import
task started (id=Media import, time=Sat Sep 24 12:58:30 2022)
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/task/import/pre/*
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/task/import/pre/*
shell triggers finished successfully
Found a candidate signature: breed=redhat, version=rhel8
Found a matching signature: breed=redhat, version=rhel8
Adding distros from path /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8:
creating new distro: liutianyang-8-x86_64
trying symlink: /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8 -> /var/www/cobbler/links/liutianyang-8-x86_64
creating new profile: liutianyang-8-x86_64
associating repos
checking for rsync repo(s)
checking for rhn repo(s)
checking for yum repo(s)
starting descent into /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8 for liutianyang-8-x86_64
processing repo at : /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/AppStream
need to process repo/comps: /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/AppStream
looking for /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/AppStream/repodata/*comps*.xml
Keeping repodata as-is :/var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/AppStream/repodata
processing repo at : /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/BaseOS
need to process repo/comps: /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/BaseOS
looking for /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/BaseOS/repodata/*comps*.xml
Keeping repodata as-is :/var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/BaseOS/repodata
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
安装源的唯一标示就是根据name参数来定义，本例导入成功后，安装源的唯一标示就是：CentOS-8-x86_64，如果重
复，系统会提示导入失败
查看cobbler镜像列表
[root@my ~]# cobbler list
distros:
liutianyang-8-x86_64
profiles:
liutianyang-8-x86_64
systems:
repos:
images:
mgmtclasses:
packages:
files:
//查看详细信息 查看指定的--name 接镜像名
[root@my ~]# cobbler distro report --name liutianyang-8-x86_64
Name : liutianyang-8-x86_64
Architecture : x86_64
Automatic Installation Template Metadata : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/liutianyang-8-x86_64'}
TFTP Boot Files : {}
Boot loader : grub
Breed : redhat
Comment :
Fetchable Files : {}
Initrd : /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/images/pxeboot/initrd.img
Kernel : /var/www/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
Kernel Options : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}
Management Classes : []
OS Version : rhel8
Owners : ['admin']
Redhat Management Key :
Remote Boot Initrd : ~
Remote Boot Kernel : ~
Template Files : {}
创建kickstarts自动安装脚本
[root@my ~]# cobbler profile get-autoinstall --name liutianyang-8-x86_64 > /var/lib/cobbler/templates/liutianyang.ks
[root@my templates]# cat liutianyang.ks
# Sample kickstart file for current EL, Fedora based distributions.
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
# System authorization information
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
# Use text mode install
text
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled //关闭防火墙
# Run the Setup Agent on first boot
firstboot --disable
# System keyboard
keyboard us
# System language
lang en_US
# Use network installation
url --url=http://192.168.47.136/cblr/links/liutianyang-8-x86_64
# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.
repo --name=source-1 --baseurl=http://192.168.47.136/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/AppStream
repo --name=source-2 --baseurl=http://192.168.47.136/cobbler/distro_mirror/liutianyang-8/BaseOS
# Network information
network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on
# Reboot after installation
reboot
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$24638$qrt8ZOTdvZBgot2emu5Q8.
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Do not configure the X Window System
skipx
# System timezone
timezone America/New_York
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# Allow anaconda to partition the system as needed
autopart
%pre
set -x -v
exec 1>/tmp/ks-pre.log 2>&1
# Once root's homedir is there, copy over the log.
while : ; do
sleep 10
if [ -d /mnt/sysimage/root ]; then
cp /tmp/ks-pre.log /mnt/sysimage/root/
logger "Copied %pre section log to system"
break
fi
done &
# Enable installation monitoring
%end
%packages
@^minimal-environment //最小化安装
%end
%post --nochroot
set -x -v
exec 1>/mnt/sysimage/root/ks-post-nochroot.log 2>&1
%end
%post
set -x -v
exec 1>/root/ks-post.log 2>&1
# Start yum configuration
curl "http://192.168.47.136/cblr/svc/op/yum/profile/liutianyang-8-x86_64" --output /etc/yum.repos.d/cobbler-config.repo
# End yum configuration
# Start post_install_network_config generated code
# End post_install_network_config generated code
# Start download cobbler managed config files (if applicable)
# End download cobbler managed config files (if applicable)
# Start koan environment setup
echo "export COBBLER_SERVER=192.168.47.136" > /etc/profile.d/cobbler.sh
echo "setenv COBBLER_SERVER 192.168.47.136" > /etc/profile.d/cobbler.csh
# End koan environment setup
$SNIPPET('redhat_register')
# Begin cobbler registration
# cobbler registration is disabled in /etc/cobbler/settings.yaml
# End cobbler registration
# Enable post-install boot notification
# Start final steps
curl "http://192.168.47.136/cblr/svc/op/autoinstall/profile/liutianyang-8-x86_64" -o /root/cobbler.ks
# End final steps
%end
此时使用虚拟机去安装系统并不会成功 需要做如下操作
[root@my templates]# cd /usr/share/cobbler/bin/
[root@my bin]# ls
migrate-data-v2-to-v3.py mkgrub.sh
migrate-settings.sh settings-migration-v1-to-v2.sh
[root@my bin]# bash mkgrub.sh
[root@my bin]# cd /var/lib/cobbler/loaders/
[root@my loaders]# ll
total 72
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 79 Sep 24 13:22 grub
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 31 Sep 24 13:22 ldlinux.c32 -> /usr/share/syslinux/ldlinux.c32
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26272 Sep 24 12:54 menu.c32
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 42376 Sep 24 12:54 pxelinux.0
[root@my loaders]# cobbler sync
[root@my loaders]# systemctl restart httpd cobblerd rsyncd dhcpd
手动安装
//创建一个虚拟机，然后打开虚拟机
点击回车即可
新建虚拟机
自动安装
定义主机名
粘贴
同步成功
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