Day 4 Chunks of language and Adverbs of frequency

1.Chunks of language

to do something on an empty stomach
to do something without eating first

a full English breakfast
a cooked breakfast, usually with bacon, sausage, eggs, mushrooms, beans, tomatoes, toast and tea

to take a long time
to happen slowly

the rush hour
the period of time in the morning and evening when the traffic is very busy with people going to and from work

a lot of fun
very enjoyable

all over the world
everywhere around the earth

(I’ll be) back in a bit
(I’ll) return soon

2.Grammar Reference

Adverbs of frequency
Meaning and use

Adverbs give us more information about a verb. Adverbs of frequency tell us how often an activity happens. There are many adverbs to choose from. Here are some of the most common ones, listed from most frequent to least frequent

I always walk to work…

They usually arrive late.

My father often forgets his birthday.

He sometimes wakes up early.

I rarely drink tea in the morning.

You hardly ever say you love me.

Jenny never drinks coffee in the evening.

We can use adverbs of frequency with the verb to be.

We are never unhappy.

This time of year is usually the coldest.

We can use modal verbs with adverbs of frequency. For example, we can use the auxiliary verbs can, should and might, which express ability (can), obligation (should), and possibility (might).

Laura can sometimes hold her breath for over a minute.

You should always put on suncream when it’s very sunny.

We might never see each other again.

Form
Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb.
subject + adverb + main verb

I always eat breakfast.

They sometimes take a taxi.

They go after the verb ‘to be’.

subject + to be + adverb + main verb

I am always late for work.

He is often ready for work at 6 am.

We aren’t usually hungry in the morning.

They go between a modal and the main verb.

subject + modal + adverb + main verb

You should always wear a helmet.

I can sometimes hear my neighbour’s TV.

Positive

I always take the bus into town.

Jenny is often late for work.

Negative

The adverb of frequency goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.

We don’t usually watch TV after lunch.

They can’t always wait for you.

It goes after ‘to be’.

I am not always this organised.

They aren’t usually late.

Question
For questions, the order is auxiliary + subject + adverb of frequency + verb.

Do you always eat here?

Does he usually do that?

Take note: negative adverbs

Negative adverbs such as never, seldom, rarely and hardly evercannot be used in negative sentences. The following sentence is incorrect, because it has a double negative.

WRONG: The weather isn’t never sunny.

CORRECT: The weather is never sunny.

Take note: sometimes

Sometimes can go before the subject, before the main verb, and after the main verb.

Sometimes we go fishing.

We sometimes go fishing.

We go fishing sometimes.

Take note: adverbs of frequency and the present continuous

We usually use adverbs of frequency with the present simple, but they can also be used with the present continuous. The adverb comes between the auxiliary and the main verb.

She’s always losing her phone.

3.vocabulary

the tube

an informal name for the London Underground train system

commuting

travelling from home to work and back again

a folding bike

a bicycle that folds up so it can be carried easily

Oyster card

an electronic ticket that you can use on any train or bus within London

vox pops

audio or video clips of people talking about everyday topics

extreme commuters
people who spend a very long time travelling to work

stressful
making you feel worried or nervous

following
next: the ‘following day’ is the ‘next day’

lifestyle choice
a choice about how you live

income
money people receive, usually for working

productively
successfully; usefully

go about
(a sailing term) turn and sail in the opposite direction

steer
control the direction of movement of a vehicle such as a boat, car or bicycle

navigate
find a route across an area of land or water, often using a map

satnav
short for ‘satellite navigation’: a piece of technology that uses satellites to find the best way to get to a place

on course
going in the right direction

MapReduce is a programming model and software framework for processing large sets of data in a distributed and parallel manner. It allows for processing of large data sets on clusters of computers using a simple model for parallel processing. In the MapReduce framework, the input data is divided into chunks and each chunk is processed by a separate mapper function. The mapper function processes the input data and generates intermediate key-value pairs. These key-value pairs are then sorted and grouped by key, and passed on to the reducer function. The reducer function then aggregates the intermediate key-value pairs and generates a final output. For example, let's say we have a large data set of customer orders that we want to process using MapReduce. The mapper function will read each order and generate intermediate key-value pairs where the key is the customer ID and the value is the order amount. The intermediate key-value pairs might look like this: ``` customer1: 10.99 customer2: 25.55 customer1: 5.99 customer3: 15.00 customer2: 12.50 ``` These intermediate key-value pairs are then sorted and grouped by key: ``` customer1: [10.99, 5.99] customer2: [25.55, 12.50] customer3: [15.00] ``` The reducer function then aggregates the values for each key and generates a final output: ``` customer1: 16.98 customer2: 38.05 customer3: 15.00 ``` In this example, the MapReduce framework allowed us to process a large data set in a distributed and parallel manner, making it faster and more efficient.
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