Analyzing the Role of Semantic Representations in the Era of Large Language Models

本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Analyzing the Role of Semantic Representations in the Era of Large Language Models》的翻译。

摘要

传统上,自然语言处理 (NLP) 模型通常使用由语言专业知识创建的一组丰富功能,例如语义表示。然而,在大型语言模型 (LLM) 时代,越来越多的任务变成了通用的端到端序列生成问题。在本文中,我们研究了这个问题:语义表示在 LLM 时代的作用是什么?具体来说,我们研究了抽象意义表示 (AMR) 在五个不同的 NLP 任务中的影响。我们提出了一种 AMR 驱动的思维链提示方法,我们称之为 AMRCOT,发现它通常对性能的伤害大于帮助。为了研究 AMR 在这些任务中可能提供什么,我们进行了一系列分析实验。我们发现很难预测 AMR 可能对哪些输入示例有所帮助或有害,但错误往往出现在多词表达式、命名实体以及最后的推理步骤中,LLM 必须将其对 AMR 的推理与其预测联系起来。我们建议在 LLM 的语义表示的未来工作中关注这些领域。

1 引言

2 代表权形式化

3 设计 AMRCOT 实验

4 Q1:AMR 对 LLM 有帮助吗?

5 Q2: AMR 何时有帮助/有害?

6 Q3: 为什么

Language models have shown remarkable capabilities in predicting the effects of mutations on protein function without prior examples, a task known as zero-shot prediction. This ability is rooted in the way these models are trained and the vast amount of data they process. During training, language models learn to understand the context and relationships between different parts of a sequence. In the case of proteins, this means learning the relationships between amino acids and how changes in these sequences can affect the overall structure and function of the protein. By analyzing the co-occurrence patterns of amino acids across many protein sequences, language models can infer the importance of specific residues for maintaining the protein's function[^1]. When it comes to making predictions about mutations, language models can use the learned information to assess the likelihood that a particular mutation will disrupt the protein's function. This is done by evaluating the impact of the mutation on the local and global properties of the protein, such as its stability, folding, and interactions with other molecules. The model can then provide a score or probability indicating the effect of the mutation on the protein's function[^1]. One of the key advantages of using language models for zero-shot prediction is their ability to generalize from the data they have been trained on. Even without specific examples of certain mutations, the models can make educated guesses based on the general principles they have learned about protein sequences and structures. This makes them particularly useful for identifying potential disease-causing mutations or for guiding the design of new proteins with desired functions[^1]. For instance, a study demonstrated that a language model could predict the effects of mutations on the binding affinity of a protein to its ligand. The model was able to identify which mutations would lead to a decrease in binding affinity, even when those mutations had not been observed in the training data. This kind of prediction is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of genetic diseases and for developing targeted therapies[^1]. Here is a simplified example of how a language model might be used to predict the effects of mutations on protein function: ```python def predict_mutation_effect(model, wild_type_sequence, mutant_sequence): # Encode the sequences into a format suitable for the model encoded_wild_type = encode_sequence(wild_type_sequence) encoded_mutant = encode_sequence(mutant_sequence) # Get the model's predictions for both sequences wild_type_prediction = model.predict(encoded_wild_type) mutant_prediction = model.predict(encoded_mutant) # Calculate the difference in predictions to estimate the effect of the mutation effect = mutant_prediction - wild_type_prediction return effect ``` In this example, the `predict_mutation_effect` function takes a pre-trained model, a wild-type protein sequence, and a mutant sequence as inputs. It encodes the sequences into a format that the model can process, then uses the model to generate predictions for both sequences. The difference between these predictions is used to estimate the effect of the mutation on the protein's function. The application of language models in this domain is still an active area of research, and there are ongoing efforts to improve the accuracy and reliability of these predictions. Nevertheless, the current capabilities of language models represent a significant step forward in our ability to understand and manipulate protein function through computational means[^1].
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