Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models

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本文深入探讨大型语言模型(LLM)在文本生成中出现的幻觉问题,包括其分类、检测和校正方法。研究提出幻觉的详细分类,并分析其产生机制,旨在推动未来更负责任和有效的LLM使用,期望通过与外部知识库的协同减少幻觉,提高LLM的性能和可靠性。

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本文是LLM系列文章,针对《Cognitive Mirage: A Review of Hallucinations in Large Language Models》的翻译。

认知海市蜃楼:大型语言模型中的幻觉研究综述

摘要

随着大型语言模型在人工智能领域的不断发展,文本生成系统容易受到一种令人担忧的现象的影响,这种现象被称为幻觉。在这项研究中,我们总结了最近对LLM幻觉的令人信服的见解。我们从各种文本生成任务中提出了一种新的幻觉分类,从而提供了理论见解,检测方法和改进方法。在此基础上,提出了今后的研究方向。我们的贡献有三个方面:(1)我们为文本生成任务中出现的幻觉提供了详细而完整的分类;(2)对LLM的幻觉现象进行理论分析,提供现有的检测和改进方法;(3)提出了未来可以发展的几个研究方向。由于幻觉引起了社会的极大关注,我们将继续更新相关的研究进展。

1 引言

2 机制分析

3 幻觉的分类

4 幻觉检测

5 幻觉校正

6 未来方向

7 结论与愿景

本文综述了LLM幻觉的新分类、理论见解、检测方法、校正方法和未来的研究方向。请注意,确保我们能够以负责任和有益的方式持续利用LLM至

### Chain-of-Thought Prompting Mechanism in Large Language Models In large language models, chain-of-thought prompting serves as a method to enhance reasoning capabilities by guiding the model through structured thought processes. This approach involves breaking down complex problems into simpler components and providing step-by-step guidance that mirrors human cognitive processing. The creation of these prompts typically includes selecting examples from training datasets where each example represents part of an overall problem-solving process[^2]. By decomposing tasks into multiple steps, this technique encourages deeper understanding and more accurate predictions compared to traditional methods. For instance, when faced with multi-hop question answering or logical deduction challenges, using such chains allows models not only to generate correct answers but also articulate intermediate thoughts leading up to those conclusions. Such transparency facilitates better interpretability while improving performance on various NLP benchmarks. ```python def create_chain_of_thought_prompt(task_description, examples): """ Creates a chain-of-thought prompt based on given task description and examples. Args: task_description (str): Description of the task at hand. examples (list): List containing tuples of input-output pairs used for demonstration purposes. Returns: str: Formatted string representing the final prompt including both instructions and sample cases. """ formatted_examples = "\n".join([f"Input: {ex[0]}, Output: {ex[1]}" for ex in examples]) return f""" Task: {task_description} Examples: {formatted_examples} Now try solving similar questions following above pattern. """ # Example usage examples = [ ("What color do you get mixing red and blue?", "Purple"), ("If it rains tomorrow, will we have our picnic?", "No") ] print(create_chain_of_thought_prompt("Solve logic puzzles", examples)) ```
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