A Survey of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models

本文是LLM系列的文章,针对《A Survey of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models》的翻译。

摘要

预训练语言模型(PLM)通过自监督学习方法在大文本语料库上进行训练,在自然语言处理(NLP)的各种任务中都取得了良好的性能。然而,尽管具有巨大参数的PLM可以有效地拥有从大量训练文本中学习到的丰富知识,并在微调阶段有利于下游任务,但由于缺乏外部知识,它们仍然存在一些局限性,如推理能力差。研究一直致力于将知识纳入PLM,以解决这些问题。在本文中,我们对知识增强预训练语言模型(KE-PLM)进行了全面的综述,以对这一蓬勃发展的领域提供清晰的见解。我们分别为自然语言理解(NLU)和自然语言生成(NLG)引入了适当的分类法,以突出NLP的这两个主要任务。对于NLU,我们将知识类型分为四类:语言知识、文本知识、知识图谱和规则知识。NLG的KE PLM分为基于KG的方法和基于检索的方法。最后,我们指出了KE PLM的一些有前景的未来方向。

1 引言

2 背景

3 KE-PLMs用于NLU

4 KE-PLMs用于NLG

5 未来的方向

在本节中,我们提出了未来KE PLM的一些可能的研究方向,这些方向可能会解决现有的问题和挑战。

5.1 整合来自同质和异质来源的知识

由于现有的工作大多只利用单一来源的知识,如知识图谱或网络资源,探索如何整合异构来源的知识仍然是未来研究的一个有价值的方向。
正如我们在上一节

【文献阅读笔记】Knowledge-enhanced Visual-Language Pre-training on Chest Radiology Images 背景:在自然语言和视觉识别方面,大规模数据上预训练的多模态基础模型取得了成功。但由于医疗任务的细粒度性质和对领域知识的高需求,它们在医学领域的使用仍然受到限制。方法:提出了一种称为知识增强自动诊断KAD)的新方法,该方法利用现有的医学领域知识,使用配对的胸部 X 射线和放射学报告来指导视觉语言预训练。结果(1)在四个外部 X 射线数据集上评估了KAD①证明了零样本性能可以与完全监督模型相媲美②优于三位放射科专家针对三种(out of five)病理学的统计平均值意义。(2)此外,当可以用。 阅读详情

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【导读】预训练模型是当下研究的热点,来自西电的研究人员发布《知识增强的预训练模型》,非常值得关注! 预训练模型通过自监督学习方法在大规模文本语料库上学习上下文化的词表示,该方法经过微调后取得了良好的性能。然而,这些模型的健壮性差,且缺乏可解释性。带有知识注入的预训练模型(knowledge enhanced pre- training model, KEPTMs)具有深刻的理解和逻辑推理能力,并在一定程度上引入了可解释性。在这个综述中,我们提供了自然语言处理的KEPTMs的全面概述。首先介绍了预训练模型和知识表示学习的研究进展。然后我们从三个不同的角度对现有KEPTMs进行了系统的分类。最后,对KEPTMs的未来研究方向进行了展望。

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nn.output = 'softmax'; % use softmax outputopts.numepochs = 5; % Number of full sweeps through dataopts.batchsize = 1000; % Take a mean gradient step over this many samplesopts.plot = 1; % enable plottingnn = nntrain(nn, tx, ty, opts, vx, vy); % nntrain takes validation set as last two arguments (optionally)[er, bad] = nntest(nn, test_x, test_y);assert(er < 0.1, 'Too big error');```[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/rasmusbergpalm/deeplearntoolbox/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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